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31.08.2000 20:41:38
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Air cavalry!!!!
Несамарскому und Фофанову!
Я так и не увидел ваш окончательный вариант. Поэтому решил наставить вас на путь истинный -уж, простите, за длинные цитаты. Не наши наставления по военному переводу.
The Role of Cavalry
(www.aircav.ru_
The Role of Cavalry
"Altogether, cavalry operations are exceedingly difficult, knowledge of the
country is absolutely necessary, and ability to comprehend the situation at a
glance, and an audacious spirit, are everything."
Maurice de Saxe
Mes Reveries, 1732
FUNDAMENTAL ROLE
The fundamental purpose of cavalry is to perform reconnaissance and to provide
security in close operations. In doing so, cavalry facilitates the corps or
division commander's ability to maneuver divisions, brigades, and battalions and
to concentrate superior combat power and apply it against the enemy at the
decisive time and point. Cavalry clarifies, in part, the fog of battle.
Cavalry is, by its role, an economy of force. The flexible capabilities of
cavalry allow the commander to conserve the combat power of divisions or
brigades for engagement where he desires. The combat power of cavalry units, in
particular, makes them ideal for offensive and defensive missions as an economy
of force.
Cavalry serves as a catalyst that transforms the concepts of maneuver warfare
into a battlefield capability. Maneuver is the essence of US fighting doctrine.
Maneuver, in the tactical sense, is the swift movement and positioning of combat
forces to attack an enemy's vulnerability, such as flanks, rear, lines of
communication, service support capability, or isolated elements. Maneuver is the
means to seize or retain the initiative, and to create or exploit offensive
opportunities. Maneuver is also the means to concentrate superior combat power
against the enemy at the right time and place. For maneuver to be successful,
the commander must have a high degree of situational awareness. He must reduce
the enemy, terrain, and friendly unknowns of the battlefield to fight
effectively and to operate within the enemy's decision cycle. The successful
execution of maneuver warfare continues to be the product of thorough
reconnaissance and continual security. As the "eyes and ears" of the commander,
cavalry provides the commander with situational awareness and enhances his
ability to maneuver successfully.
HISTORICAL ROLE
Cavalry has historically served as a flexible multipurpose force. Capitalizing
upon a significant mobility advantage over infantry, cavalry performed
long-range reconnaissance and security for commanders. These missions gave
commanders the ability to maneuver and concentrate forces on a battlefield for
decisive battle. Once on the chosen field, cavalry continued to play key roles
such as-
Close reconnaissance to detect enemy weaknesses.
Close security to protect the flanks or rear of the infantry line.
Countering enemy cavalry.
Counterattacking enemy infantry attacks.
Reserve.
Administering the decisive blow to a faltering enemy.
Covering retreat.
Pursuing a retreating enemy.
To perform these varied operations, European armies developed a highly
specialized cavalry. The US never developed specialization on this scale. Faced
largely with frontier operations during the nineteenth century and an
unconventional threat, the US Army developed cavalry similar to European light
cavalry.
European light cavalry was largely equipped and armed with sabers, carbines, and
pistols. It focused on wide-ranging reconnaissance and security tasks. The US
cavalry differences were a reliance on pistols and carbines versus bladed
weapons and dismounted fighting once in contact with the enemy.
As modern weapons increased in range, precision, and lethality, horse cavalry
lost much of its ability to perform these traditional roles. Traditional
capabilities were restored with mechanization, which placed modern weapons on
armored platforms. The tank assumed some of these traditional cavalry roles,
especially those associated with armored cavalry. Modern cavalry, with both air
and ground assets, began to focus on reconnaissance, security, and the flexible
employment capabilities of nineteenth century cavalry.
A historical example illustrates the value of a flexible cavalry force. The
operations of the newly organized Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac
during the Gettysburg campaign were a substantial factor in the Union's success.
For the first time, the Union Army was able to employ an effective cavalry force
working directly for the commanding general of the Army.
In early June 1863, General Lee began moving the Army of Northern Virginia
toward the Shenandoah Valley to invade the North. Fights ensued between the
Confederate and Union cavalry. The Confederate cavalry attempted to secure the
army's movement while the Union cavalry conducted reconnaissance to determine
the Confederate's intent. These cavalry actions confirmed other intelligence on
the movement of the Confederate Army, but did not reveal the intent of General
Lee. Based on this information and orders from Washington, General Hooker began
moving the Union Army north. After these fights, General Stuart took the bulk of
the Confederate cavalry on a ride around the advancing Union Army and lost
contact with General Lee.
Both General Hooker and his successor, General Meade, protected the approaches
to Washington and Baltimore. Both commanders were forced to move in response to
the Confederate Army. Recognizing the critical need for information, both
commanders emphasized the need for the cavalry to provide "reliable information
of the presence of the enemy, his forces, and his movements . . . ." At the same
time, the cavalry was ordered to "guard the right and left flanks and the rear,
and give the commanding general information of the movements . . . of the enemy
in front."
On 30 June, the 1st Cavalry Division had a meeting engagement with a Confederate
infantry brigade in Gettysburg. At the same time, the 3d Cavalry Division had a
meeting engagement with General Stuart at Hanover, 12 miles to the east. General
Stuart was repulsed and swung further north in his attempt to link up with the
Confederate Army. General Lee felt the absence of his reliable cavalry
reconnaissance and faced the Union forces of unknown size in the town. The
Confederates conducted a reconnaissance in force with an infantry division the
next day. General Buford, commanding the 1st Cavalry Division, recognized the
decisive nature of Cemetery Ridge. He sensed from constant reconnaissance
patrols in all directions the massing Confederate Army to his front. Thus, he
determined the necessity to defend well forward, securing the decisive terrain
for the approaching Union Army. His information and assessments were
continuously reported to General Meade.
On 1 July, General Heth's infantry division attacked General Buford. The cavalry
was armed with Sharps carbines, which were superior to the rifled musket.
Fighting dismounted, he successfully defended against a much larger enemy until
relieved by the infantry moving rapidly to his support.
On 3 July, during the preparation for General Pickett's charge, General Stuart
attempted to envelop the right flank of the Union Army. He was met by General
Gregg of the 2d Cavalry Division and repulsed.
Throughout this campaign, the Union cavalry was continuously conducting
operations in support of the main body. They successfully covered the movement
of the army, denied the Confederates information, maintained contact with the
advancing Confederate Army, and continuously reported combat information. Once
apparent that the armies were about to meet, General Buford transitioned into a
defense, successfully securing the decisive terrain for the Union Army. Once the
battle was joined, the cavalry continued to secure the positions of the army.
PRIMARY ROLES
The fundamental purpose of cavalry on the battlefield translates into roles that
cavalry performs for the commander (see Figure 1-1). These roles are not
necessarily missions themselves, but are translated into mission statements by
the regimental commander or the squadron commander. These roles may represent
the intent of the corps or division commander when he assigns a mission to the
cavalry unit.
PROVIDE FRESH INFORMATION
Terrain
Enemy
PROVIDE REACTION TIME AND MANEUVER SPACE
PRESERVE COMBAT POWER
RESTORE COMMAND AND CONTROL
FACILITATE MOVEMENT
PERFORM REAR OPERATIONS
Figure 1-1. Primary roles.
Provide Fresh Information
The corps or division commander's ability to seize or retain the initiative and
concentrate overwhelming combat power at the right time and place depends on
having fresh information about the enemy, such as his current dispositions,
size, composition, direction of movement, and rate of advance. The precise
application of combat power and effective synchronization of maneuver and
supporting fires require a fresh and accurate picture of the enemy's current
dispositions and activity within the area of operations. Concentration of combat
power, through maneuver, also depends on the ability of divisions and brigades
to move swiftly and predictably. Consequently, the commander must know which
routes and cross-country terrain are suitable to maneuver forces into decisive
engagements with the enemy.
To piece the puzzle together, the commander has a wide variety of intelligence
assets available to him, such as national intelligence sources, military
intelligence units, long-range surveillance detachments, aviation, combat
electronic warfare and intelligence platforms, cavalry units, and any unit in
contact. These intelligence collection sources facilitate intelligence
preparation of the battlefield (IPB), the target development process, and
execution of ongoing operations. Many intelligence systems orient well forward
of the forward line of own troops (FLOT) to identify enemy force concentrations
and movements, as well as high-value targets whose loss may have a paralyzing
effect on the enemy's ability to fight. The analytical control element at the
division and regiment collates, analyzes, and disseminates this information to
support planning of future operations and targeting for indirect-fire systems.
This information serves as a basis for the commander to dispose and concentrate
his forces for future combat operations. While this type of intelligence
information is necessary, it is not entirely sufficient. Commanders need fresh,
real-time information during the execution of current operations to be precise
in the maneuver and application of combat power against the enemy. A major
source of fresh information for the commander during battle is his cavalry.
Cavalry has decisive advantages over other intelligence resources because it-
Works through and counters enemy deception efforts better than any sensor
system.
Provides the fastest, most reliable means of assessing terrain that the enemy
is trying to configure to his advantage.
Is not a passive source. Cavalry not only finds the enemy but can further
develop the situation and force the enemy to reveal more information.
Can more effectively disseminate information to commanders with an immediate
need (eavesdrop, liaison officer).
Performing reconnaissance, cavalry provides the commander with combat
information he needs to strike at the right place and time, such as the actual
size and composition of the enemy, his exact dispositions, where he is strong,
where he is weak, and where and when the precise application of superior combat
power could have a decisive effect. Cavalry shows the commander where to move
forces to ensure their uninterrupted advance to objectives despite battlefield
conditions, such as impassable routes, blown bridges, unfordable streams,
contaminated areas, refugee columns, converging friendly units, and enemy
forces. At the decisive point, cavalry guides maneuver units into engagements
with the enemy, assists in rapidly massing and dispersing maneuver units,
controls routes and choke points, and monitors the movement of combat support
and combat service support units.
Provide Reaction Time and Maneuver Space
A commander thinks and plans in terms of the time and space required to maneuver
and concentrate subordinate units against enemy weaknesses. There are two ways
to create sufficient time and space. First, he detects and comprehends enemy
developments well forward of the FLOT in sufficient time to array forces.
Second, he directs aggressive security actions that buy the time and space
required for an effective response to enemy initiatives. Reconnoitering or
performing security operations well forward or to the flanks of the main body,
cavalry develops the situation and prevents the commander from fighting at a
disadvantage-unwarned, poorly disposed, or not poised to fight. By virtue of
where cavalry performs the mission, it provides time for the commander to assess
the situation, determine a course of action, issue orders, and maneuver. Cavalry
also provides space to maneuver divisions or brigades, creating flexibility for
the commander to respond to unanticipated enemy initiatives. The amount of time
and space provided may be determined by the commander's intent. It is defined by
the assigned mission. Time and space are physically provided by where the
cavalry unit operates relative to the main body and the amount of combat power
available.
Preserve Combat Power
When fighting a bigger, echeloned enemy, sustainment and preservation of combat
power are critical. Winning the current battle is only part of the fight.
Performing security for the corps or division, cavalry protects and preserves
combat power until the commander determines where to concentrate forces so they
can be maneuvered into engagements with the enemy. During offensive operations,
the cavalry prevents premature deployment and attrition of combat power before
reaching the objective. In defensive or retrograde operations, cavalry provides
early warning of enemy approach, destroys or repels enemy reconnaissance
elements, and fights enemy lead elements as required. If required, the cavalry
protects the main body from engagement under unfavorable conditions and prevents
the commander from having to divert forces from his main effort.
Restore Command and Control
On a battlefield that is fluid and chaotic, with communications systems
frequently destroyed or jammed, command and control within the corps and
division is fragile. When communications are lost with subordinate units, or the
commander is unsure of their location and situation, cavalry is particularly
suited to restore command and control. Performing reconnaissance, cavalry finds
and reestablishes physical contact and communications with subordinate units,
finds dead spaces not covered by any unit, or fills gaps between units that
could be exploited by the enemy. Cavalry reports directly to the corps or
division commander on the status of subordinate units. Serving as liaisons,
cavalry carries the commander's request for information or instructions to a
subordinate commander when communications are lost. General Patton effectively
used a cavalry group for this task in the Third Army during World War II.
Facilitate Movement
The cluttered and confused battlefield requires firm control of unit movements.
The history of mechanized warfare demonstrates that the most frequent task a
division performs is movement:
From port of debarkation to assembly area.
From assembly area to attack positions or defensive sectors.
During repositioning in the defense.
When conducting a counterattack.
When repositioning forces for the attack.
Cavalry units execute this task largely by performing reconnaissance. They
monitor progress of subordinate elements for the commander. They man contact
points and passage points, and coordinate with higher and adjacent units or
headquarters.
Perform Rear Operations
The threat can attack throughout the depth of the battlefield. They do this
simultaneously with an attack along the FLOT. Rear areas are not safe. When not
employed in other missions, cavalry may perform rear operations tasks to
supplement the capabilities of other rear area units/assets or to relieve combat
units of contingency missions that may detract from their primary focus.
By performing continuous reconnaissance of rear areas, cavalry keeps its fingers
on the pulse of rear operations. Cavalry identifies problems, performs area
damage control after a major disruption, restores command and control, and
facilitates movement of forces. Rear operations may also include serving as, or
as part of, a tactical combat force.
AIR CAVALRY SQUADRON
The air cavalry squadron is a highly mobile, armed force organized as part of
air assault divisions. It is also organic to those corps without an assigned
Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR). It is equipped with air cavalry troops. The
squadron is structured light to possess the same strategic mobility as the
parent division. When deployed, the squadron possesses a significant mobility
advantage over the infantry battalions of the division.
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Updated: 06 April 2000 Born on 23 February 1999
и еще:
(www.vietvet.org/peperp.htm)
Delta Troop was a cavalry reconnaissance troop that served in Vietnam from
October 1967 to April 1972. Our parent organization, the 3rd Squadron/17th Air
Cavalry, was an independent air cavalry squadron. The squadron, and even its
component troops and platoons, served with many different combat brigades and
divisions on temporary assignment.
The squadron was the reconnaissance arm, when it was needed, of the corps-level
II Field Force, Vietnam from December 1967 to May 1971. II Field Force, Vietnam
teamed the squadron with II FFV's ranger company (until it was disbanded in
April 1970), giving II FFV its own reconnaissance and intelligence capability
anywhere in III Corps Tactical Zone. Delta Troop supplied mounted cavalry
reconnaissance and an aero-rifle platoon reaction force to the effort throughout
the period, and added long range reconnaissance after April 1970.
The 3/17th Air Cavalry most closely matches the more widely documented 1/9th Air
Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division in composition and structure. Each squadron
had three air cavalry troops, one ground cavalry troop, and an assigned ranger
company. The main distinction was that the 1/9th Air Cavalry provided
reconnaissance and intelligence to the 1st Cavalry Division, while the 3/17th
Air Cavalry provided it directly to the next level up in the military hierarchy,
II Field Force, Vietnam.
Delta Troop and the 3/17th Air Cavalry's independence gave commanders in III
Corps Tactical Zone firepower and mobility on a moment's notice. However, the
short-term assignments from II FFV to combat brigades or divisions condemn Delta
Troop and the other troops of the 3/17th Air Cavalry to be wanderers through the
history of American forces in Vietnam. Army historians, assigned to divisions
during the war, spot a 3/17th troop or a platoon here and there now and then,
but it is impossible to find coherent records of Delta Troop's activities over
time.
We are trying to correct the gaps in the record here. This page is a gateway to
the words and photographs of men who were there. Ideally, the end result will be
a month-to-month chronicle of Delta Troop in Vietnam. We have a long way to go
from this beginning.
We hope that any Delta Trooper who surfs across these pages will drop us an
email, if just to say "hi". There will be no history of Delta Troop unless we
write it. Your contribution, maybe just a photo or letter, is unique and
important to that history.
Дочитали до конца?
Теперь подумайте, так ли неуместно слово "разведывательный". Одна из основных задач аэромобильного батальона ;))))
Или разведывательно-ударного ;)))?
Али вы все еще называете его "воздушно-кавалерийским"?
С уважением