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Ф. Александер
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06.02.2002 19:31:34
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О влиянии ТВ. Хотели? Получайте. А вообще пора научится исп. поисковики
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,603585,00.html - Британия - Нация ТВ-зависимых.
Еще:
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20000316/hl/cha_56.html - Чтобы заставить толстых детей заняться зарадкой - ВЫКЛЮЧИТЕ ТВ
Еще, но для влядеющих английским:
Eleven Years Of TV Watching
In A 72 Year Lifetime!
Anti-TV Movement Gears Up For Turnoff Week
CHICAGO (Reuters) - Jean Lotus kept her secret to herself until a friend, disgusted by a trashy talk show, threw his TV set out of his third-floor bedroom window one night. With that, she stopped being embarrassed and started proclaiming -- she and her family do not own a television. ``I thought about it. I knew a lot of people who didn't own TVs. And we were all in the same situation. So why not have a little newsletter? That's how it started,'' the Chicago mother of two and former newspaper reporter said. Now a leading voice in the growing anti-TV movement, Lotus publishes a quarterly journal called White Dot from Chicago and has coauthored a book to be published in two weeks in Britain titled ``Get A Life: The Little Red Book of The White Dot.'' Television and its supposed evils will also be the focus of an annual appeal to Americans to switch off the tube for seven days during TV Turnoff Week, April 22-28. Although it may still be a fringe notion, the idea of TV-free living has prime-time potential, said Henry Labalme, executive director of TV-Free America, a Washington, D.C., non-profit organizing group. ``There's so many good reasons for turning off the TV,'' said Labalme, who blamed insomnia, depression, obesity, illiteracy, wasteful consumerism and a host of other modern maladies, at least in part, on too much time spent staring at the box.
11 YEARS OF TV IN A LIFETIME
The average U.S. household has 2.5 television sets, up from 2.25 three years ago. The total time spent watching television has fallen slightly over the same period to 3.7 hours per day for the average American. That adds up to about 56 days a year, or 11 years over a 72-year lifespan. While reducing the quantity of television watched is the chief goal of TV-Free America, White Dot -- named for the small point of light that flickers briefly on the screen after a TV is turned off -- also criticizes the quality of programming. ``There's a significant segment of the population out there ... who feel the television problem has become so intractable that maybe it is time to turn it off,'' Labalme said. ``Maybe all the efforts of the last 40 years to make television better, to make it more educational, to make it more informative, to clean up the violence and the sexual content ... just have not worked and will not work.'' TV Turnoff Week started in 1995 in the United States. This year it is spreading to Britain, Canada, Denmark, Australia and New Zealand. The campaign is endorsed by the American Medical Association, the American Heart Association, the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, the American Federation of Teachers, the Natural Resources Defense Council and others. John Earnhardt, a spokesman for the TV industry's National Association of Broadcasters, said he was unfamiliar with TV Turnoff Week. ``We're all for health and community productivity but obviously local television brings a lot of good to each community that it serves,'' Earnhardt said. TV-Free America, which distributes organizing kits to schools, churches, businesses and others willing to sign up participants, estimates that four million people took part last year. This year the target is five million. ``Arbitrarily turning off the television for a designated week is not the answer. The answer is critical viewing,'' said Scott Broyles, spokesman for the National Cable Television Association, which sponsors efforts to teach parents to manage their childrens' TV watching. ``There is some very educational and positive programming on cable television every day.''
'THE PLUG-IN DRUG'
The anti-TV movement has its roots in a groundbreaking 1979 book, ``The Plug-In Drug,'' by Marie Weiss. Three years later, a group called the Society for the Eradication of Television was formed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, by Mary Dixon. ``She really broke the ice for the whole idea ... of living without a TV and being proud of it,'' said White Dot's Lotus, who co-wrote her book with David Burke, an American and fellow University of Chicago graduate now living in England. ``Get A Life,'' not yet published in America, is ``a funny self-help book for TV addicts,'' Lotus said. On White Dot's Web site, she says the book ``shows readers what television does to them; how it's turning adults into babies; how it's domesticating humans like farm animals and how it's setting us up for a science fiction nightmare that's already happened ... TV is taking over the world.'' That kind of language is common in the anti-TV movement. Labalme conceded that it puts activists at risk of being seen as alarmist and elitist in a culture where TV is so pervasive that small sets are now common even in bathrooms. But the anti-TV crowd is counting on a backlash. Labalme said: ``Twenty years from now, people are going to look back and wonder, 'What on earth was everybody doing, spending all that time watching the tube?'''
Еще:
TV Violence Soaring:
60% Of Programs Are Violent
WASHINGTON (Variety) - Television programming continues to be dominated by violence, and the amount of violent programming in primetime has steadily increased during the past three years, a cable industry-sponsored study has found. Violent programming on the major broadcast networks has increased 14% in primetime since 1994, according to the study coordinated by the University of California at Santa Barbara's Center for Communications and Social Policy. During the same period, violent primetime programming on basic cable networks increased 10%, it says. The study is slated to be released officially Thursday. During the past year -- a year during which a television ratings system was put in effect -- primetime violence continued to increase, although at a slower rate, the study showed. Primetime network programming was 4% more violent, according to the study, while basic cable violence in primetime rose only 1%. The study endorsed the industry's decision to add content descriptions to the age-based rating system it introduced last year. The latest installment of the study confirmed its earlier conclusion that a majority of television programming is violent. ``Across the three years of the study, a steady 60% of TV programs contains violence,'' the study states. The three-year, $3.5 million National Television Violence study was paid for by the National Cable Television Assn (NCTA). Like the broadcasters who sponsored a study of their own, cable companies hoped back in 1994 that their promise to finance research into TV violence would head off V-chip legislation.
Of course, that bet did not pay off. Congress proceeded with the V-chip legislation while herding the television industry into a ``voluntary'' rating system. Three years later the television industry not only has a TV ratings system but also two highly detailed studies on the level of violence in television programming. The two studies, however, reach very different conclusions -- partly because the two groups of researchers took very different approaches. The $1 million broadcast industry study, conducted by UCLA's Center for Communications Policy, focused on the quality and nature of TV violence, while the cable companies' study focused on the quantity.
Last January, when UCLA released the last installment of its three-year study, researchers reported that television producers were doing a better job of portraying the consequences of violence, UCLA's Jim Reynolds said Wednesday. Reynolds said there was a notable improvement during the last year. ``There was more attention paid to the consequences -- both physical and psychological,'' said Reynolds. The cable industry study also looked at the consequences of the violence depicted, noting that ``bad characters'' went ``unpunished'' 45% of the time last year compared to 37% in the first year of the study.
NCTA president Decker Anstrom defended the cable industry against its own study, noting that it was an early supporter of the content-based TV ratings system, which has been in place since last October.
``This landmark research will provide further valuable information as we continue the hard work of addressing TV violence. Cable companies remain committed to providing families with a wide range of quality programming and the tools to help parents make the right viewing choices,'' Anstrom said in a prepared statement to be released Thursday.
The study is based on a review of programming aired between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m. over all seven days of the week. About 2,700 programs were reviewed by the researchers. Over the three years, researchers reviewed more than 6,000 hours of programming.
While primetime programming with violence on network television increased from 53% to 67% during the last three years, primetime violence on non-network stations increased from 70% to 77%, the study found. During the same period, from 1995 to 1996, premium cable violence rose from 91% to over 95%. But in 1997, primetime violence on premium cable channels dropped to 87% of programming, according to the cable industry study.
A spokesman for Rep. Ed Markey (D-Mass.) said Wednesday that the high level of violence in TV programming demonstrates the need for the V-chip, which may be installed in some TV sets within a year. ``Despite three years of intense scrutiny, violence on television still persists,'' said Markey spokesman David Moulton. ``That's why some intervention is necessary. The only hope for a real change is something like the V-chip.''
Еще:
Turning Off The TV Cuts
Children's Toy Requests
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Cutting down on kids' TV time may relieve parents of their little ones' toy demands. New research suggests that the fewer commercials children see, the less materialistic they become.
For decades, there has been concern about the number of television ads American children are exposed to. Since the 1970s, the average number of commercials a child sees in a year has doubled, from about 20,000 to 40,000, according to a report in the June issue of the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. And since half of ads geared toward children hawk toys, the situation is helping to drain parents' wallets.
``It is...not surprising that parents report that television is the most common source of children's purchase requests,'' write Dr. Thomas N. Robinson of Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, and colleagues.
To see whether such purchase requests would decline if TV time did, Robinson's team staged a ``classroom intervention'' among third- and fourth-graders at two public schools. Participants at one school went through a 6-month curriculum aimed at reducing their exposure to television, videos and video games. At the beginning and end of the school year, children and parents at both schools reported on the students' recent TV-inspired toy requests.
By the end of the study, children at the intervention school had cut their TV viewing by about one-third, on average. What's more, the kiddies' toy demands had fallen, according to parents' and children's reports. They were 70% less likely than children at the other school to have asked their parents for a toy in the previous week, Robinson's team reports.
These results, the researchers add, are ``evidence for a causal effect'' of TV viewing on children's hunger for toys.
``This small study indicates that reducing television viewing may be a particularly promising approach to reducing the influences of advertising on children's behavior,'' Robinson and colleagues conclude.
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2001;22:179