От А.Власов
К All
Дата 22.05.2003 16:45:11
Рубрики WWII;

Gulf War 1941

Подскажите, пожалуйста, что за бои шли в Ираке и Сирии в 1941? Насколько они были ожесточёнными?
Тема сия малоизвестна, кое-что есть у М.И.Мельтюхова. Буду признателен за любую информацию,
С уважением
От tarasv
К А.Власов (22.05.2003 16:45:11)
Дата 22.05.2003 17:28:21

Re: Если очень коротко то ВВС против арабов рулят

>Подскажите, пожалуйста, что за бои шли в Ираке и Сирии в 1941? Насколько они были ожесточёнными?
>Тема сия малоизвестна, кое-что есть у М.И.Мельтюхова. Буду признателен за любую информацию,

Была статья в Авиация и Время - "За 50 лет до Бури в пустыне" с описанием боев в Ираке, естественно с уклоном в авиацию. Практически исход операции решил личный состав авиашколы в Хабании и пара батальонов англичан спешно переброшенных в Ирак. Немцы успели к шапошному разбору и ничего сделать не смогли.


Орфографический словарь читал - не помогает :)
От А.Власов
К tarasv (22.05.2003 17:28:21)
Дата 23.05.2003 07:51:22

Спасибо всем за помощь!-) (-)
От Волк
К А.Власов (22.05.2003 16:45:11)
Дата 22.05.2003 17:14:17

Re: Gulf War...

During the 1920s, Britain cobbled together bits of the defunct Ottoman empire and created Iraq. An Arabian prince, driven into exile by the al Saud family, was made king, to insure that Iraq remained pro-British. But when World War II began in 1939, Arab nationalists became pro-German. The anti-Semitism of the Nazis appealed to Arabs, who resented the way Britain was deciding how new Arab nations would be set up, and for supporting continued Jewish settlement in Palestine. As Greece fell to the Germans and the Afrika Korps was advancing across North Africa towards Egypt, pro-German Iraqi army officers staged a coup in early April, 1941. The new Iraqi government didn't declare war on Britain, they just wanted to be on the right side when the Germans won the war.

The British knew what was up, and they still had a few hundred troops in Iraq. By treaty, Britain had the right to move troops through Iraq, and maintain two airbases (outside Baghdad and Basra in the south, mainly for training). Without saying anything to the Iraqis, the British began moving the 10 Indian Infantry division from India to Basra. The first brigade of the division arrived in Basra on April 18th. On April 27th, the Iraqis broke their treaty by demanding that the British land no more troops until the brigade already in Basra had left Iraq. The British told the Iraqis that they would ignore that request. Both sides knew this meant war. The British took over Basra, thus protecting their airbase outside the city. They also flew 400 troops to the Habbaniya airbase outside Baghdad, as they knew that the Iraqis were already moving troops to seize the base.

The British had a battalion of Assyrian (Iraqi Christians) militia, plus a company of Kurds and Arabs, guarding Habbaniya, and sent additional troops to show the Assyrians that they would be supported. The airbase had about 90 aircraft, but nearly all were biplane trainers. The base was used mainly for training pilots. But the pilots were of good quality, particularly the instructors. The Iraqi air force was also equipped mainly with a 60 aircraft, mostly biplanes from three different countries, and the Iraqi pilots were not very competent.

The Iraqi army consisted of four infantry divisions, one mechanized brigade (a battalion with 16 light tanks and fourteen armored cars, plus two battalions of infantry in trucks). Many of the officers and NCOs had served in the Turkish army. Men from Baghdad had served as Turkish civil servants, army officers and NCOs for centuries. But these men were not of the same quality as the Turks. Indeed, the Turks considered the Baghdadis corrupt, effete and unreliable. But they were smart, and they could count. On April 30th, the Iraqis moved 50 pieces of artillery and 9,000 troops to Habbaniya, as well as several times that number (no one got an exact count) of tribal militiamen. The tribal fighters were tough, but undisciplined and poorly led. The Iraqis did the math and decided that Habbaniya would soon be theirs.

The Iraqis occupied the high ground about a thousand yards from Habbaniya, and warned the British that they would open fire with artillery if any British aircraft took off. At dawn on May 2nd, the British aircraft took off anyway, and attacked the Iraqi troops. Over the next five days, the British aircraft launched 584 sorties, dropped 45 tons of bombs and fired over 100,000 rounds of machine-gun ammunition. The Iraqi artillery did some damage, but Iraqi infantry and tribesmen began to flee on the 6th. British troops also launched raids from the base, and by May7th, the only Iraqi troops to be found were fleeing from the British warplanes.

Meanwhile, the rest of the 10th Indian division landed at Basra on May 6th and began advancing on Baghdad. At the same time, the British organized a mobile brigade ("Habforce") and a battalion sized force (KingCol) in Palestine and sent them off towards Baghdad. Led by several hundred scouts from the Arab Legion, Habforce entered Iraq on May 9th, followed by KingCol on the 15th.

The Iraqis now knew they were in big trouble. Even though they outnumbered the attacking British by more than three to one, the British troops were far better trained and led. And the British controlled the air. So the Iraqis looked for stronger allies, and contacted the Germans. Moving quickly, the Germans began flying warplanes from Greece, via Vichy controlled Syria, into northern Iraq. Two German He-111 bombers hit Habbaniya on May 10th. A squadron of He-111s (about a dozen aircraft) were flying into Mosul, as well as a squadron of two engine fighters (Me-110s) and some captured French Dewontine fighters. The Italians sent 12 biplane fighters. The British responded by flying in some Hurricane fighters in from Palestine. On May 13th, the German force began to fly more bombing missions out of Mosul. But the German air operations were limited by a lack of aviation gas at Mosul. And they were unable to fly in more fuel from Syria because British bombers from Palestine were attacking the Syrian air bases.

Faced with an unreliable supply line, a fuel shortage, and British troops advancing on Baghdad, the Germans withdrew their aircraft. Habforce reached Habbaniya on May 17th. On May 23rd, the British force in Habbaniya moved out, crossed the Euphrates river and moved towards Baghdad. The Iraqi resistance got weaker and weaker as they neared the city. On May 30th, the Iraqi resistance ended. The Iraqi leader, Rashid Ali, fled to Iran, and thence made his way to Germany. There he spent the war making anti-Semitic and anti-British radio broadcasts to the Arabs in the Middle East. When Germany fell in 1945, Rashid Ali escaped once more and found refuge in Saudi Arabia. He remained there until 1958, when another army coup killed most of the royal family and Rashid Ali was invited to return home.

Although outnumbered more than three to one, and facing superior German air power, the British conquered Iraq in four weeks.
От А.Власов
К Волк (22.05.2003 17:14:17)
Дата 23.05.2003 09:39:13

А нет ли в Вашем англ.источнике так же подробно по боям в Сирии? (-)
От Волк
К Волк (22.05.2003 17:14:17)
Дата 22.05.2003 22:22:56

пардон, пардон

краткий пересказ:

когда началась Вторая мировая, антисемитизм нацистов понравился арабам. Когда была захвачена Греция и немцы продвигались к Суэцу, прогерманские офицеры иракской армии устроили переворот.

британцы перебросили в Басру 10-ю индийскую пехотную дивизию. 27 апреля 1941 началась война.

На авибазе Хабания находились 400 британских вояк, а также батальон ассирийцев-христиан и рота курдов и арабов. На авиабазе было 90 самолетов, в основном учебных бипланов.

Иракская армия состояла из 4 пехотных дивизий, одной мехбригады (батальон с 16 танками и 14 броневиками и два батальона пехоты на грузовиках).

30 апреля иракцы подтянули к Хабании 50 орудий и 9 тыс. пехоты и и в несколько раз большее число племенных бойцов. Племенные бойцы были крутые, но недисциплинированные и плохо руководимые. Иракцы решили, что вскоре возьмут Хабанию.

Заняв позиции, иракцы заявили британцам, что откроют огонь если хоть один самолет взлетит. 2 мая самолеты взлетели и атаковали иракцев. За 5 дней было 584 вылета, сброшено 45 тонн бомб и выпущено 100 тыс. пулеметных патронов. Иракская артиллерия нанесла некоторый ущерб, однако 6 мая иракская пехота и племенные начали разбегаться.

Тем временем 6 мая индийская дивизия начала марш на Багдад из Басры.

Иракцы обратились за помощью к немцам. Те отреагировали быстро, послав свою авиацию из Греции и Сирии. Два Хе-111 бомбили Хабанию 10 мая. Порядка 10 Хе-111 прилетели в Мосул, а также эскадрилья Ме-110 и несколько французских Девуатинов. Итальянцы прислали 12 истребителей-бипланов.
13 мая немцы начали рейды бомберов из Мосула. Однако им не хватало топлива.

Немцы отозвали свою авиацию. 23 мая британцы пересекли Евфрат и двинулись на Багдад.

30 мая иракское сопротивление прекратилось. Глава переворота Рашид Али убежал в Иран, затем в Германию. Там он выступал по радио с антисемитскими и антибританскими проповедями на арабском языке, а после поражения Германии сумел скрыться в Саудовской Аравии. После республиканского переворота в Ираке 1958 года Рашида Али пригласили вернуться на родину.

несмотря на тройное превохосходство в численности иракской армии и поддержку ее германской авиацией, британцы завоевали Ирак за 4 недели.
От reinis
К Волк (22.05.2003 17:14:17)
Дата 22.05.2003 20:26:33

хе хе, видно американцы екстарполяцию провелйи, они же финансисты

А вот и цитата

centuries. But these men were not of the same quality as the Turks. Indeed, the Turks considered the Baghdadis corrupt, effete and unreliable. But they were
От Администрация (Novik)
К Волк (22.05.2003 17:14:17)
Дата 22.05.2003 18:58:52

Re: Рекомендую ознакомиться с правилами форума

Приветствую.
В части постинга текстов на иностранных языках.
От Chestnut
К А.Власов (22.05.2003 16:45:11)
Дата 22.05.2003 17:04:19

Если быстро и коротко, то вот:


Из Британники об Ираке:

World War II and British intervention, 1939–45
General Nuri, author of the 1930 treaty, was prime minister when World War II broke out. Believing that the Anglo-Iraqi alliance was the best guarantee for Iraqi security, he wanted to declare war on Germany, but his ministers counseled caution, as British victory was then in doubt. General Nuri accordingly declared Iraq nonbelligerent and severed diplomatic relations with Germany. When Italy entered the war, however, Nuri, then minister of foreign affairs in Rashid 'Ali al-Gaylani's Cabinet, was unable to persuade the Cabinet to break off diplomatic relations with Italy. Under the influence of Pan-Arab leaders, public opinion in Iraq changed radically after France's fall, becoming especially hostile to Britain because other Arab countries remained under foreign control. Pan-Arabs urged Iraqi leaders to free Syria and Palestine and achieve unity among Arab countries. Extremists advocated alliance with Germany as the country that would foster independence and unity among Arabs.

Rashid 'Ali was at first unwilling to side with the extremists and gave lip service to the Anglo-Iraqi alliance. Dissension among the Iraqi leaders, however, forced him to side with the Pan-Arabs. Leading army officers also fell under Pan-Arab influences and encouraged Rashid 'Ali to detach Iraq from the British alliance. During 1940 and 1941, Iraqi officers were unwilling to cooperate with Britain, and the Pan-Arab leaders began secret negotiations with the Axis Powers. Britain decided to send reinforcements to Iraq. Rashid 'Ali, while allowing the landing of a small British force in 1940, was forced to resign early in 1941, but he was reinstated by the army in April and refused further British requests for reinforcements.

British contingents entered Iraq from the Persian Gulf and from the Habbaniyah air base in April and May 1941; armed conflict with Iraqi forces followed. The hostilities lasted only 30 days, during which period a few Iraqi leaders, including the regent and General Nuri, fled the country. By the end of May the Iraqi army capitulated. Rashid 'Ali and his Pan-Arab supporters left the country.

The return of the regent and moderate leaders through British intervention had far-reaching consequences. Britain was given what it demanded: the use of transportation and communication facilities and a declaration of war on the Axis Powers in January 1942. Rashid 'Ali's supporters were dismissed from the service, and some were interned for the duration of the war. Four officers who were responsible for the war were hanged.

И о Сирии:

In June 1940, after the Franco-German armistice, the French in Syria announced that they would cease hostilities against Germany and Italy and recognize the Vichy government. Political uncertainty and the growing scarcity of goods and rising prices caused unrest, which was led by one of the prominent nationalists, Shukri al-Kuwatli. In May 1941 the Vichy government allowed German aircraft to land and refuel en route to Iraq, and in June, British, Commonwealth, and Free French forces invaded Syria. French troops resisted for a month, but Damascus was occupied on June 21 and hostilities ceased at midnight on July 11–12.

From then until 1946, Syria was jointly occupied by British and French forces. At the moment of invasion, the Free French had proclaimed Syrian and Lebanese independence, and this was underwritten by the British government, which recognized French predominance in Syria and Lebanon, provided France carried out its promise of independence. In the interests of its Arab policy, Britain used its position of strength to persuade the Free French to carry out their undertaking. Elections held in 1943 resulted in a nationalist victory, and Shukri al-Kuwatli became president of the republic.
От Администрация (Novik)
К Chestnut (22.05.2003 17:04:19)
Дата 22.05.2003 19:00:15

Re: Не надо быстро и коротко.

Приветствую.
Надо с аннотацией. Читаем правила.
От АКМС
К Администрация (Novik) (22.05.2003 19:00:15)
Дата 22.05.2003 19:10:38

Крестьянам поясни. У его пост не кажется. В чем прикол? (-)
От b-graf
К Chestnut (22.05.2003 17:04:19)
Дата 22.05.2003 18:43:30

про Сирию

Здравствуйте !

>И о Сирии:
>In June 1940, after the Franco-
еще есть в мемуарах де Голля (вот что и в какой подробности - не помню). Может где есть в сети - на "милитере" вроде нет ?

Павел
От Коллега
К Chestnut (22.05.2003 17:04:19)
Дата 22.05.2003 17:35:40

Называется- читайте на здоровье....... (-)