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Venik
Russia's 'Shipwreck' missile enigma solved
RICHARD SCOTT JDW Naval Editor
London
Newly released information and photographs have lifted the veil of secrecy long surrounding Russia's P-700 Granit long-range anti-ship missile (NATO reporting name: SS-N-19 'Shipwreck'), regarded as the most feared Soviet anti-ship cruise missile of the Cold War era.
It also reveals Granit as the progenitor of the Yakhont supersonic anti-ship missile, which designer NPO Mashinostroyeniye is now marketing for export.
The bureau says Granit was conceived in the late 1970s specifically to interdict US carrier battle groups in keeping with the sea-denial mission of the then Soviet fleet. It was developed for both surface ships and submarines, equipping Project 1144 Kirov-class cruisers, the Project 1143.5 aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov and Project 949 Oscar-class and 949A Oscar II-class cruise missile submarines. Both conventional and nuclear warheads can be deployed.
The Oscar II-class submarine Kursk, lost in the Barents Sea in August 2000, had conducted a Granit live-firing trial just before it went down. A further 22 missiles are reportedly still aboard the wreck, due to be salvaged from the seabed later in September.
Although Granit entered service with the Soviet Navy in the 1980s, it has remained an enigma. The missile has not been displayed at defence exhibitions, and no photographs or information pertaining to the weapon had previously been released in open press.
As a result, it had generally been assumed to be a development of the P-500 Bazalt (SS-N-12 'Sandbox') system, itself an evolution of the earlier, turbojet-powered SS-N-3 'Shaddock' line. However, Russian and Western media have now gained access to performance characteristics and photographs of the SS-N-19, revealing it to be a very different, ramjet-powered supersonic missile. Pictures show a cylindrical missile body - appearing to bulge slightly outward in its mid-section - with an annular front air intake, two small upper body wings and cruciform tail surfaces.
Capable of striking targets 500km away, Granit was developed as part of a wider reconnaissance and strike system which assimilated and integrated intelligence and targeting data from various sources (such as shipborne sensors, reconnaissance aircraft, helicopters, land- and space-based sensors). This information would be used to localise the target (typically a US carrier battle group), plan the mission profile and feed bearing and range data into the missile's inertial navigation system.
The concept of operations developed in the Cold War sees the missiles launched in salvo. Following launch, the booster is jettisoned and the ramjet takes over to bring the missile up to a speed of about M2.5.
According to the design bureau, the lead missile will climb to acquire the target group, with targets then assigned amongst the salvo via a communications link. The company also claims that logic within the missile can accurately determine the type of formation under attack - such as a convoy, a carrier battle group or an amphibious landing group.
Granit's seeker is likely to be a multichannel system combining active and passive radar-homing techniques. Russian industry has also worked to develop millimetric-wave radar and laser radar technology for terminal aimpoint selection, and the former may already be a feature of the SS-N-19 homing system. It is also assumed that the missile can receive mid-course corrections obtained via satellite.
The revelation that SS-N-19 uses a ramjet also helps to explain the origins of NPO Mashinostroyeniye's ramjet-powered 3M55 Yakhont (SS-N-26) supersonic anti-ship missile. Widely advertised for export, Yakhont has now completed a series of test firings and is claimed to be ready for production.