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Chestnut
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Аркан
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03.03.2005 12:31:47
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Рубрики
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WWII; Армия;
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Re: [2Chestnut] Очень...
Голод вообще был эндемичен в Индии -- и до британцев, и после. Чистый Мальтус -- народу слишком много, а жратвы недостаточно.
Since 1700 Asia has been the principal, but not the only, famine region of the world. Many of Asia's famines have been characterized as food shortages due to overpopulation. These have occurred in drought- and flood-prone areas with agricultural production at or barely above the subsistence level. India and China are notable among countries where overpopulation famine has occurred. Recorded famine in India dates to the 14th century and continued into the 20th century. Famine in Deccan, India (1702–04), was reportedly responsible for the deaths of about 2,000,000 persons. An estimated 9,000,000 to 13,000,000 persons died during a famine in northern China in 1876–79 that was caused by drought over three successive years. India suffered one of its worst famines at the same time (1876–78) as the great Chinese famine. The basic cause was the same—drought, more specifically, the failure of the monsoon in successive years, with a resulting 5,000,000 deaths from starvation...In 1967 a severe famine was recorded in Bihar, India, and excessive mortality was avoided only by major international relief efforts... [In Bangladesh] in 1974 a great famine claimed 50,000 lives.
Хотя можно, конечно, говорить, что британцы ситуацию в некотором плане сделали более нестабильной
Initially, the railroads proved a mixed blessing for most Indians, since by linking India's agricultural, village-based heartland to the British imperial port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, they served both to accelerate the pace of raw-material extraction from India and to speed up the transition from subsistence food to commercial agricultural production. Middlemen hired by port-city Agency Houses rode the trains inland and induced village headmen to convert large tracts of grain-yielding land to commercial crops. Large sums of silver were offered in payment for raw materials when the British demand was high, as was the case throughout the American Civil War, but when the Civil War ended, restoring raw cotton from the southern United States to Lancashire mills, the Indian market collapsed. Millions of peasants weaned from grain production now found themselves riding the boom-and-bust tiger of a world-market economy. They were unable to convert their commercial agricultural surplus back into food during depression years, and from 1865 through 1900 India experienced a series of protracted famines, which in 1896 was complicated by the introduction of the bubonic plague (spread from Bombay, where infected rats were brought from China). As a result, though the population of the subcontinent increased dramatically from about 200 million in 1872 (the year of the first census) to more than 300 million in 1920, the population actually declined by several millions between 1895 and 1905.
>Я не думаю, что это было для Вас новостью, о голодоморе в Бенгалии написано даже в Советских энциклопедиях (не очень подробный источник, как понимаете). КОнкретно цифру в 6 млн. я встречал в книжке, посмотрю и скажу. Еще также встречал и такие данные:
Давайте лучше вместо антиимпериалистических агиток посмотрим источники в Бангладеш, а также нобелевского лауреата по экономике Амартью Сена (который сам пережил этот голод)
http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0016.htm
http://www.finance.commerce.ubc.ca/~bhatta/BookReview/arrow_on_sen's_poverty_and_famine.html
Sen's interest in famine stemmed from personal experience. As a nine-year-old boy, he witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943, in which three million people perished. This staggering loss of life was unnecessary, Sen later concluded. He believed that there was an adequate food supply in India at the time, but that its distribution was hindered because particular groups of people—in this case rural labourers—lost their jobs and therefore their ability to purchase the food.
>>Америка как раз стала "грести" от Испании только после того, как Наполеон поставил королём своего братца. А атака на Уругвай была частью общей стратегии -- пытаться уязвить противника там, где кажется возможным (на Ла-Плату тогда же напали, с тем же результатом -- ну не шмагла, не шмагла)
>Треволнения в испанских колониях все же начались и раньше. ЧТо касаеться уязвить, там где можно, так расспыление сил как раз и не принесло результатов канкретно в деле борьбы с Наполлеоном, когда как очень поспособствовало укреплению и рассширению Британской империи.
На континенте воевали те противники Наполеона, у которых были значительные армии, Британия их поддерживала деньгами, оружием и флотом. Когда эти противники Наполеона кончились, Британия сама была вынуждена взяться за дело.
Кстати, а какие были серьёзные треволнения в испанских колониях до 1808 года?
>Вы реально представляете себе, что доминионы могли позволить себе действовать вопреки линии Империи? До 1945 года это было невозможно по определению.
WRONG.
DOMINION -- the status, prior to 1939, of each of the British Commonwealth countries of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Eire, and Newfoundland. Although there was no formal definition of dominion status, a pronouncement by the Imperial Conference of 1926 described Great Britain and the dominions as “autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations.”
The main characteristics of dominion status were complete legislative authority as provided in the Statute of Westminster (1931) and, in the executive sphere, the right of dominion ministers to direct access to the sovereign (previously advice on dominion matters could be tendered only by United Kingdom ministers). Internationally, it connoted the recognition of the dominions (except Newfoundland) as separate states, entitled to separate representation in the League of Nations and other international bodies, to appoint their own ambassadors, and to conclude their own treaties.
In hoc signo vinces