NB Not all texts - particularly some journal articles and chapters in edited collections - are available in the library. Copies of those marked with an asterisk can be obtained from the tutor.
Background reading:
While the course deals primarily with France's external relations, some familiarity with 20th century French history in general is desirable. Good introductory texts are:
M. Larkin, France since the Popular Front
R. Gildea, France since 1945
T. Stovall, France Since the Second World War
M. Alexander (ed.), French History since Napoleon
J. McMillan, Dreyfus to de Gaulle (also known as Twentieth Century France)
C. Sowerwine, France since 1870
The best survey of French foreign relations in our period - and a recommended purchase - is:
J. Keiger, France and the World since 1870. A good survey which has the advantage of setting the period covered by the course in its historical context.
The figure of Charles de Gaulle looms large over this period and will feature prominently in our discusions. Some good texts on de Gaulle and his influence are:
J. Lacouture, De Gaulle: the ruler 1945-1970
A. Crawley, De Gaulle
B. Ledwidge, De Gaulle
A. Werth, De Gaulle
D. Cook, Charles de Gaulle
B. Crozier, De Gaulle
D. Mahoney, De Gaulle: Statesmanship, Grandeur and Modern Democracy
A. Shennan, De Gaulle
H. Gough & J. Horne (eds.), De Gaulle and 20th Century France
A. Hartley, Gaullism: the Rise and Fall of a Political Movement
Some good articles giving a general overview of important themes:
M.B. Hayne, ‘The Quai d’Orsay and the Formation of French Foreign Policy in Historical Context’, in R. Aldrich & J. Connell (eds.), France in World Politics *
R. Aldrich & J. Connell, ‘Beyond the Hexagon: France in World Politics’, in R. Aldrich & J. Connell (eds.), France in World Politics *
J. Howorth & P. Chilton, ‘Defence, Dissent and French Political Culture’, in J. Howorth & P. Chilton (eds.), Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France *
N. Waites, ‘Defence Policy: the Historical Context’, in J. Howorth & P. Chilton (eds.), Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France *
B. Heuser, 'Dunkirk, Dien Bien Phu, Suez or Why France Does not Trust Allies and has Learnt to Love the Bomb', in C. Buffet & B. Heuser (eds.), Haunted by History: Myths in International Relations *
Documents:
Many of the primary source documents to be used in class are available in the following published collections:
C. de Gaulle, War Memoirs vol.1: The Call, 1940-42 - Documents
C. de Gaulle, War Memoirs vol. 2: Unity, 1942-44 - Documents
P. Baudoin, The Private Diaires of Paul Baudoin
P. Laval, The Unpublished Diary of Pierre Laval
D. Stafford, Britain and European Resistance: A Survey of the Special Operations Executive with Documents
W. Lipgens (ed.), Documents on the History of European Integration
Foreign Relations of the United States
British Documents on the End of Empire
D. Weigall & P. Stirk (eds.), Origins and Development of the European Community
C. Maier & D. White (eds.), The Thirteenth of May
J. Hargreaves, France and West Africa
Details of which documents from these collections are to be used for exercises in documentary analysis will be provided at a later stage. Copies of many other documents and links to online documents will be provided as required.
Seminars 2-5: Defeat, Collaboration, Resistance and Liberation 1940-45
General reading covering the whole subject:
J-P. Azéma, From Munich to the Liberation
C. de Gaulle, War Memoirs (3 vols.)
J. Néré, The Foreign Policy of France, 1914-1945
R. Albrecht-Carré, France, Europe and the Two World Wars (last section)
On the 'Strange defeat of 1940':
S. Osgood, The Fall of France, 1940
M. Alexander, The Republic in Danger
M. Alexander, 'Maurice Gamelin and the Defeat of France, 1939-1940', in B. Bond (ed.), Fallen Stars: Eleven Studies of Twentieth Century Military Disasters *
A. Adamthwaite, Grandeur and Misery: France’s Bid For Power in Europe 1914-1940
A. Horne, To Lose a Battle: France 1940
G. Chapman, Why France Collapsed
M. Dockrill, British Establishment Perspectives on France 1936-1940
Sir E. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vols. 1&2 - British first-hand account
P. Baudoin, The Private Diaries of Paul Baudoin
M. Weygand, Recalled to Service - first-hand account by a general often blamed for the defeat
J. Cairns, 'Some Recent Historians and the "Strange Defeat" of 1940', Journal of Modern History 46 (1974)
R.J. Champoux, 'The Massilia Affair', Journal of Contemporary History 10 (1975)
M. Bloch, The Strange Defeat
B. Lee, 'Strategy, Arms and the Collapse of France 1930-40', in R. Langhorne (ed.), Diplomacy and Intelligence during the Second World War
T. Imlay, 'France and the Phoney War, 1939-1940', in R. Boyce (ed.), French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918-1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power *
On the experience of occupation and the question of collaboration:
R. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order
R. Gildea, Marianne in Chains
J. Jackson, France: The Dark Years
S. Huddleston, France: The Tragic Years
R. Kedward, Occupied France
L. Marchal, Vichy: Two Years of Deception
J. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France
N. Atkin, Pétain
J-R Tournoux, Pétain and de Gaulle
R. Griffiths, Marshal Pétain
P. Webster, Pétain's Crime
H. Cole, Laval
P. Laval, The Unpublished Diary of Pierre Laval
G. Warner, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France
B. Gordon, Collaborationism in France during the Second World War
M. Dank, The French Against the French
S. Hoffmann, 'Collaborationism in France during World War II', Journal of Modern History 40 (1968)
J. Jackson, 'General de Gaulle and his Enemies: Anti-Gaullism in France since 1940', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1999)
On the Resistance movements in France, their motivations and relations with the more conventional Allied war effort:
M. Foot, SOE in France
B. Moore, Resistance in Western Europe
H. Michel, The Shadow War: Resistance in Europe 1939-1945
D. Stafford, Britain and European Resistance 1940-45: A Survey of the Special Operations Executive with Documents
K. Macksey, The Partisans of Europe in World War Two
H.R. Kedward, Resistance in Vichy France
L. Taylor, 'The Parti Communiste Français and the French Resistance in the Second World War', in T. Judt (ed.), Resistance and Revolution in Mediterranean Europe *
D. Stafford, 'The Detonator Concept: British Strategy, SOE and European Resistance after the Fall of France', Journal of Contemporary History 10 (1975)
J.C. Simmonds, 'Immigrant Fighters for the Liberation of France: A Local Profile of Carmagnole-Liberté in Lyon', in H.R. Kedward & N. Wood (eds.), The Liberation of France: Image and Event
On De Gaulle and the Free French, and their often troubled relations with their would-be allies (much useful information can be found in the general works on de Gaulle listed above):
R. Paxton & N. Wahl (eds.), De Gaulle and the United States: a Centennial Reappraisal
G.E. Maguire, Anglo-American Policy towards the Free French
R. Paxton, ‘Anti-Americanism in the Years of Collaboration and Resistance’, in D. Lacorne, J. Rupnik & M-F. Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: a Century of French Perceptions *
R.T. Thomas, Britain and Vichy: The Dilemma of Anglo-French Relations 1940-42
A. Roshwald, Estranged Bedfellows: Britain and France in the Middle East during the Second World War
H. MacMillan, Memoirs, vol. 2 The Blast of War 1939-45
H. MacMillan, War Diaries: The Mediterranean 1943-45
D. Cooper, Old Men Forget
F. Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle
D. Johnson, 'Britain and France in 1940', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1972)
D. Dinan, The Politics of Persuasion
A.L. Funk, 'Negotiating the "Deal with Darlan"', Journal of Contemporary History 8 (1973)
P. Tompkins, The Murder of Admiral Darlan
A. Funk, Charles de Gaulle: The Crucial Years 1943-44
R. Melka, 'Darlan between Britain and France', Journal of Contemporary History 8 (1973)
P.M.H. Bell, France and Britain 1940-1994: the Long Separation
P. Bell, ‘Entente Broken and Renewed: Britain and France, 1940-45’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
On liberation and plans for rebuilding, in France and the colonies:
H. Footitt & J. Simmonds, France 1943-45
A. Shennan, Rethinking France: Plans for Renewal 1940-46
R. Aron, De Gaulle Triumphant: the Liberation of France, August 1944 - May 1945
R. Burton, 'Nos journées de juin: The Historical Significance of the Liberation of Martinique (June 1943)', in H.R. Kedward & N. Wood (eds.), The Liberation of France: Image and Event
T. Chafer, 'African Perspectives: The Liberation of France and its Impact in French West Africa', in H.R. Kedward & N. Wood (eds.), The Liberation of France: Image and Event
M. Evans, 'Algeria and the Liberation: Hope and Betrayal', in H.R. Kedward & N. Wood (eds.), The Liberation of France: Image and Event
The legacy and memory of the war is a big subject of which we will only scratch the surface, but the following are useful introductory texts:
S. Fishman (ed.), France at War: Vichy and the Historians
J. Hellmann, 'Wounding Memories: Mitterrand, Moulin, Touvier and the Divine Half-lie of Resistance', French Historical Studies 19 (1995)
S. Hoffmann, 'The Effects of World War II on French Society and Politics', French Historical Studies 2 (1961)
S. Hoffmann, 'The Hero as History: De Gaulle's "War Memoirs"', World Politics 13 (1960)
Seminars 6-7: Reconstruction and the Early Cold War in Europe, 1945-54
The immediate post-war period - with de Gaulle in power until 1946 - was dominated by the General's attempt to restore France's international status, an aim that arguably set the agenda for his successors to follow. On the question of restoring and modernizing France:
A. DePorte, De Gaulle's Foreign Policy, 1944-46
C. Mauriac, The Other de Gaulle
J. Young, France, the Cold War and the Western Alliance: French Foreign Policy and Post-War Europe 1944-49
P. Mélandri & M. Vaisse, 'France: From Powerlessness to the Search for Influence', in J. Becker & F. Knipping (eds.), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945-1950 *
A. Williams, 'France and the New World Order, 1940-1947', Modern and Contemporary France 8 (2000) *
R. Frank, 'The French Dilemma: Modernization with Dependence or Independence and Decline', in J. Becker & F. Knipping (eds.), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945-1950 *
R. Girault, 'The French Decision-Makers and their Perception of French Power in 1948', in J. Becker & F. Knipping (eds.), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945-1950 *
S. Berstein, 'French Power as seen by the Political Parties after World War II', in J. Becker & F. Knipping (eds.), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945-1950 *
W. Hitchcock, France Restored
J. Delmas, 'Reflections on the Notion of Military Power through the French Example (1945-1948)', in J. Becker & F. Knipping (eds.), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945-1950 *
It is worth considering how united France was at this time and how much consensus existed behind its foreign policies. Use the general histories of France mentioned above and, on specific parties and individuals:
R. Irving, Christian Democracy in France
J. Lacouture, Pierre Mendès-France
J. Soustelle, 'France and Europe: a Gaullist View', Foreign Affairs (July 52) *
M. Adereth, The French Communist Party: a critical history 1920-1984
R. Tiersky, French Communism, 1920-1972
E. Mortimer, The Rise of the French Communist Party, 1920-1947
The most prominent issues during this period were the question of Germany and the emergence of plans for European integration. On the French attitude to Germany:
F.R. Willis, The French in Germany, 1945-49
J.W. Friend, The Linchpin: French-German Relations 1950-1990
F.R. Willis, France, Germany and the New Europe
R. Poidevin, 'Ambiguous Partnership: France, the Marshall Plan and the Problem of Germany', in C. Maier & G. Bischof (eds.), The Marshall Plan and Germany *
C. Buffet & B. Heuser, 'Marianne and Michel: the Franco-German Couple', in C. Buffet & B. Heuser (eds.), Haunted by History: Myths in International Relations *
M. Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace
On European integration:
A. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1951
R. Vaughan (ed.), Twentieth-Century Europe: Paths to Unity
D. Brinkley & C. Hackett (eds.), Jean Monnet: the Path to European Unity
J. Monnet, Memoirs
R. Frank, 'The French Alternative: Economic Power through the Empire or through Europe', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 *
F. Lynch, 'Resolving the Paradox of the Monnet Plan: National and International Planning in French Reconstruction', Economic History Review 37 (1984)
P-H. Spaak, The Continuing Battle
M. Dedman, Origins and Development of the European Union 1945-95
W. Lipgens (ed.) Documents on the History of European Integration (4 vols.)
A. Zardner, The Struggle to Unite Europe 1940-58
W. Lipgens, A History of European Integration (2 vols.)
D. Weigall & P. Stirk (eds.), Origins and Development of the European Community (documents)
R. Morgan & C. Bray, Partners and Rivals in Western Europe: Britain, France and Germany
J.W. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945-1999
And on the protracted and polarised debate over the European Defence Community:
E. Furdson, The European Defence Community: a History
C. D’Abzac-Epezy & P. Vial, ‘In search of a European Consciousness: French Military Elites and the Idea of Europe, 1947-1954, in A. Deighton (ed.), Building Postwar Europe: National Decision-Makers and European Institutions, 1948-1963
B. Heuser, 'Historical Lessons and Discourse on Defence in France and Germany', Rethinking History 2 (1998) *
B. Duchin, 'The "Agonizing Reappraisal": Dulles, Eisenhower and the European Defence Community', Diplomatic History 16 (1992)
On France's increasingly troubled relations with its wartime allies in this period of recovery and reconstruction:
S. Greenwood, ‘The Most Important of the Western Nations: France’s Place in Britain’s Post-War Foreign Policy, 1945-1949’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
J. Young, ‘The Failure of the New Entente Cordiale, 1947-1950’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
D. Pickles, The Uneasy Entente: French Foreign Policy and Franco-British Misunderstandings
S. Dockrill, 'The Evolution of Britain's Policy towards a European Army, 1950-1954', Journal of Strategic Studies 12:1 (1989) *
S. Greenwood, 'Return to Dunkirk: the Origins of the Anglo-French Treaty of March 1947', Journal of Strategic Studies 6 (1983) *
S. Greenwood, 'Ernest Bevin, France, and "Western Union": August 1945 - February 1946', European History Quarterly 14 (1984)
K. Ruane, ‘Anthony Eden, the Foreign Office and Anglo-French Relations, 1951-54’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
J-B. Duroselle, France and the United States
F. Costigliola, France and the United States: the Cold Alliance since World War II
C. Cogan, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: the United States and France since 1940
E. Rice-Maximin, 'The United States and the French Left, 1945-1949: the View from the State Department', Journal of Contemporary History 19 (1984)
I. Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945-1954
M. Harrison, ‘French Anti-Americanism under the Fourth Republic and the Gaullist Solution’, in D. Lacorne, J. Rupnik & M-F. Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: a Century of French Perceptions *
Seminars 8-9: Decolonisation - Indochina
A few general works on the French empire and decolonisation, useful for the next three sections:
H. Grimal, Decolonisation: the British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963
A. Clayton, The Wars of French Decolonisation
R. Holland, European Decolonisation, 1918-1981: an Introductory Survey
R. Betts, France and Decolonisation
R. Aldrich, Greater France
F. Quinn, The French Overseas Empire
On French policy towards Indochina and the descent into war and defeat:
M. Shipway, The Road to War: France and Vietnam 1944-1947
M. Shipway, 'Creating an Emergency: Metropolitan Constraints on French Colonial Policy and its Breakdown in Indo-China, 1945-47', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 21 (1993)
J. Dalloz, The War in Indochina, 1945-54
R. Irving, The First Indochina War: French and American Policy, 1945-54
S. Karnow, Vietnam: a history
B. Fall, The Two Viet-Nams: a political and military analysis
J. Cable, The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina
J. Lacouture & P. Devillers, End of a War: Indochina 1954
M.P. Sullivan, France’s Vietnam Policy: A Study in French-American Relations
And on the other major aspect of the Indochinese crisis: its role in bringing decolonisation into the Cold War spotlight and the effect on Franco-American relations:
G. Herring, 'The Truman Administration and the Restoration of French Sovereignty in Indochina', Diplomatic History 1 (1977)
G. Herring & R.C. Immerman, ‘Eisenhower, Dulles and Dien Bien Phu: "The day we didn’t go to war" Revisited’, Journal of American History, 71 (Sep 1984)
G. Herring, ‘Franco-American Conflict in Indochina, 1950-1954’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
L. Césari, ‘The French Military and US Participation in the Indochina War’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
L. Césari & J. de Folin, ‘Military Necessity, Political Impossibility: the French Viewpoint on Operation Vautour’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
A. Eden, Full Circle
C. Fraser, 'Understanding American Policy towards the Decolonization of European Empires, 1945-1964', Diplomacy and Statecraft 3:1 (1992)
L.S. Kaplan, ‘The United States, NATO, and French Indochina’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
D. Artaud, ‘France between the Indochina War and the European Defense Community’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
K. Ruane, ‘Anthony Eden, the Foreign Office and Anglo-French Relations, 1951-54’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
G. Warner, ‘Britain and the Crisis over Dien Bien Phu, April 1954: the Failure of United Action’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
M. Thomas, ‘From Dien Bien Phu to Evian: Anglo-French Imperial Relations 1954-1962’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
G. Herring, G. Hess & R. Immerman, ‘Passage of Empire: the United States, France, and South Vietnam, 1954-55’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
P. Mélandri, ‘The Repercussions of the Geneva Conference: South Vietnam under a New Protector’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
D. Artaud, ‘Spring 1955: Crisis in Saigon’, in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud & M.R. Rubin (eds.), Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955 *
E. Rice-Maximin, Accommodation and Resistance: the French Left, Indochina and the Cold War
E. Rice-Maximin, 'The United States and the French Left, 1945-1949: the View from the State Department', Journal of Contemporary History 19 (1984)
Seminars 10, 12-13: Decolonisation - North Africa
Most of the reading on this subject concentrates on the Algerian War and its repercussions. Good studies of the war from French and Algerian perspectives are:
A. Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962 - the most readable general work
M. Alexander & J. Keiger (eds.), France and the Algerian War 1954-62
P. Henissart, Wolves in the City: the Death of French Algeria
E. O’Ballance, The Algerian Insurrection
J. Talbott, The War without a Name
J-C. Jauffret, 'The Origins of the Algerian War: the Reaction of France and its Army to the two Emergencies of 8 May 1945 and 1 November 1954', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 21 (1993)
A. Heggoy, Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Algeria
M. Hutchinson, Revolutionary Terrorism: the FLN in Algeria 1954-62
J. Gillespie, Algeria, Rebellion and Revolution
M. Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria - section on effects of colonialism
M. Evans, 'Algeria and the Liberation: Hope and Betrayal', in H.R. Kedward & N. Wood (eds.), The Liberation of France: Image and Event
J. Ruedy, Modern Algeria: the Origins and Development of a Nation
W. Quandt, Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria 1954-1968
R.J. Bookmuller, 'The Algerian War of Words: Broadcasting and Revolution, 1954-1962', Maghreb Review 14 (1989) *
A. Nouschi, 'The FLN, Islam and Arab Identity', in A. Hargreaves & M. Heffernan (eds.), French and Algerian Identities from Colonial Times to the Present *
J. Servan-Schreiber, Lieutenant in Algeria - first hand account which caused controversy upon publication in France during the war
On the question of what Algeria meant to France and why it mattered so much:
T. Smith, The French Stake in Algeria
D.C. Gordon, North Africa's French Legacy, 1954-1962
D. Pickles, Algeria and France
A. Nouschi, 'France, the Empire and Power (1945-1949)', in J. Becker & F. Knipping (eds.), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945-1950 *
J. Marseille, 'The phases of French colonial imperialism', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (1995)
T. Smith 'The French colonial consensus and People's War, 1945-1958', Journal of Contemporary History (1974)
Y. Firestone, 'The Doctrine of Integration with France among the Europeans of Algeria', Comparative Political Studies 4 (1971) *
M.D. Lewis, 'One Hundred Million Frenchmen: the 'assimilation' theory in French colonial policy', Comparative Studies in Society & History 4 (1961-2)
P. Williams, 'Moslems and Settlers', in P. Williams, Wars, Plots and Scandals in Post-War France *
S. El Tayeb, 'The Europeanized Algerians and the Emancipation of Algeria', Middle Eastern Studies 22 (1986)
R. Girault, 'Decision Makers, Decisions and French Power', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 *
The repercusions in France of the Algerian War - the collapse of the Republic and de Gaulle's return - are one of the most interesting and important aspects of the conflict:
P. Williams, 'The Fourth Republic: Murder or Suicide', in P. Williams, Wars, Plots and Scandals in Post-War France * - probably the best introduction to the crisis of May 1958 and the problems it has posed for historians
P. Williams, French Politicians and Elections 1951-1969
C. Maier & D. White, The Thirteenth of May
S. Tyre, 'The Gaullists, the Army and Algeria before 1958: Common Cause or Marriage of Convenience?', Journal of Strategic Studies 25 (2002) *
A. Werth, The De Gaulle Revolution
S. Berstein, 'The Perception of French Power by the Political Forces', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy & the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 *
P. Milza, 'Public Opinion and Perception of Power in France at the End of the Fourth Republic (1954-1958), in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 *
R. Frank, 'The French Alternative: Economic Power through the Empire or through Europe', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 *
I. Wall, 'The French Communists and the Algerian War', Journal of Contemporary History 12 (1977)
P. Sorum, Intellectuals and Decolonization in France
M. Evans, The Memory of Resistance: French Opposition to the Algerian War
B. Stora, 'Algeria: The War Without a Name', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 21 (1993)
D. Schalk, War and the Ivory Tower: Algeria and Vietnam
The war's effects on the French army - leading to two revolts against civilian power - are of vital importance:
G. Kelly, Lost Soldiers: the French Army and Empire in Crisis, 1947-62
J. Ambler, The French Army in Politics, 1945-1962
A. Horne, The French Army and Politics, 1870-1970
O. Menard, The Army and the Fifth Republic
M. Alexander, ‘Duty, Discipline and Authority: The French Officer Elites between Professionalism and Politics, 1900-1962’, in N. Atkin & F. Tallett (eds.), The Right in France, 1789-1996 *
J-M. Doménach, 'The French Army in Politics', Foreign Affairs 39 (1961)
G. Kelly, 'The French Army Re-enters Politics', Political Science Quarterly, 76 (1961)
P. Williams, 'The Army and its Putsch', in P. Williams, Wars, Plots & Scandals in Post-War France *
J. Delmas, 'Military Power in France 1954-1958', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 *
M. Alexander & P. Bankwitz, ‘From Politiques en Képi to Military Technocrats: De Gaulle and the recovery of the French Army after Indochina and Algeria’, in G. Andreopoulos & H. Selesky (eds.), The Aftermath of Defeat: Societies, Armed Forces and the Challenge of Recovery *
Moroccan and Tunisian decolonisation have been somewhat overlooked in favour of Algeria, but they do merit some attention:
A. Werth, The Strange History of Pierre Mendès-France and the Great Conflict over French North Africa - virtually the only detailed treatment in English of Tunisia alongside Morocco and Algeria
G. Maxwell, Lords of the Atlas
J.P. Halstead, Rebirth of a Nation: the Origins and Rise of Moroccan Nationalism, 1912-1944
A. Clayton, 'Emergency in Morocco, 1950-56', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 21 (1993)
C.R. Pennell, Morocco since 1830
The Algerian War became an international Cold War crisis and greatly affected France's international standing and foreign relations, particularly with the United States - with far-reaching consequences:
I. Wall, France, the United States and the Algerian War
M. Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution
L.F. Gallagher, The United States and North Africa
M. Connelly, 'The French-American Conflict over North Africa and the Fall of the Fourth Republic', Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer (1997) *
I. Wall, 'The United States, Algeria and the Fall of the Fourth French Republic', Diplomatic History 8 (1994)
J. Lefebvre, 'Kennedy's Algerian Dilemma: Containment, Alliance Politics and the "Rebel Dialogue"', Middle Eastern Studies 35 (1999)
E. Sangmuah, 'Sultan Mohammed ben Youssef’s American Strategy & the Diplomacy of North African Liberation', Journal of Contemporary History 27 (1992)
L.C. Brown, 'The United States and the Maghreb', Middle East Journal 30 (1976)
C. Fraser, 'Understanding American Policy towards the Decolonization of European Empires, 1945-1964', Diplomacy and Statecraft 3 (1992)
M. Barkaoui, 'Kennedy and the Cold War Imbroglio: the Case of Algerian Independence', Arab Studies Quarterly 21 (1999)
B. Rivlin, 'The United States and Moroccan International Status, 1943-1956: a Contributory Factor in Morocco's Reassertion of Independence from France', International Journal of African Historical Studies 15:1 (1982) *
P.J. Zingg, 'The Cold War in North Africa: American Foreign Policy and Postwar Muslim Nationalism, 1945-1963', The Historian 39 (1976) *
Y.H. Zoubir, 'The United States, the Soviet Union and Decolonization of the Maghreb', Middle Eastern Studies 31 (1995)
Y.H. Zoubir, 'US and Soviet Policies towards France's Struggle with Anticolonial Nationalism in North Africa', Canadian Journal of History 30 (1995) *
P. Duignan, The Middle East and North Africa: the Challenge to Western Security
M. Thomas, The French North African Crisis: Colonial Breakdown and Anglo-French Relations
M. Thomas, 'The Dilemmas of an Ally of France', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 23 (1995)
M. Thomas, ‘From Dien Bien Phu to Evian: Anglo-French Imperial Relations 1954-1962’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
J. Abadi, 'Great Britain and the Maghreb in the Epoch of Pan Arabism and Cold War', Cold War History 2 (2002) *
M. Thomas, 'France Accused: French North Africa before the United Nations, 1952-1962', Contemporary European History 10 (2001)
W. Louis & R. Owen (eds.), Suez 1956: the Crisis and its Consequences
A. Beaufre, The Suez Expedition, 1956
J. Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis
K. Kyle, Suez
H. Thomas, The Suez Affair
H. Selwyn-Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account
E. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez: Diaries 1951-1956
S.K. Crosbie, A Tacit Alliance: France and Israel from Suez to the Six Day War
As in the case of WW2, France's ongoing attempts to come to terms with the legacy of the Algerian trauma constitute an important footnote to the subject:
C. Harrison, 'French Attitudes to Empire and the Algerian War', African Affairs (1983)
D. Schalk, 'Has France's Marrying Her Century Cured the Algerian Syndrome?', Historical Reflections 25 (1999) *
M. Brett, 'Anglo-Saxon Attitudes: the Algerian War of Independence in Retrospect', Journal of African History 35 (1994)
W.R. Louis & R. Robinson, 'The Imperialism of Decolonization', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 22 (1994)
Seminars 11, 13: Decolonisation - Sub-Saharan Africa
There is considerably less reading on this than on North Africa - use the general texts listed under Indochina in addition to these:
T. Chafer, The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization? - just published and the best overview
P. Manning, Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995
D.S. White, Black Africa and de Gaulle: From the French Empire to Independence
J. Hargreaves, Decolonisation in Africa
P. Gifford & W. Louis, France and Britain in Africa
P. Gifford & W. Louis, Decolonization and African Independence, 1960-1980
J. Hargreaves, France and West Africa
For a sense of the French 'mission' in Africa and its problems:
R. Delavignette, Freedom & Authority in French West Africa - translated work of a colonial governor
D.B. Marshall, The French Colonial Myth and Constitution-Making in the Fourth Republic
W.B. Cohen, Rulers of Empire: the French Colonial Service in Africa (chs 6-9)
M. Shipway, 'Madagascar on the Eve of Insurrection, 1944-47: The Impasse of a Liberal Colonial Policy', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24 (1996)
W.R. Louis & R. Robinson, 'The Imperialism of Decolonization', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 22 (1994)
On African nationalism and its leaders:
J.G. Vaillant, 'African Deputies in Paris: The Political Role of Léopold Senghor in the Fourth Republic', in G. Wesley Johnson (ed.), Double Impact: France and Africa in the Age of Imperialism
W.H. Lewis, French-speaking Africa: the Search for Identity - chapters on independence movements & French economic policies
I. Wallerstein, Africa: the Politics of Independence - chapter on French colonial policy
H. Kohn, African Nationalism in the Twentieth Century - original texts
Seminars 14 & 16: De Gaulle's France, 1958-69
There are a number of good general texts on de Gaulle's worldview and its implementation
D. Johnson, 'The Political Principles of General de Gaulle', International Affairs 41 (1965) - a good place to start
E. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou
S. Berstein, The Republic of de Gaulle 1958-1969
E. Morse, Foreign Policy and Interdependence in Gaullist France
A.W. DePorte, 'The Foreign Policy of the Fifth Republic: Between the Nation and the World', in J.F. Hollifield & G. Ross (eds.), Searching for the New France
W.W. Kulski, De Gaulle and the World
P. Thody, The Fifth French Republic: President, Politics and Personalities
P. Williams, French Politicians and Elections 1951-1969
P. Williams, 'Gaullist Grandeur: Myth and Reality', in P. Williams, Wars, Plots and Scandals in Post-war France *
J. Howorth, 'The President's Special Role in Foreign and Defence Policy', in J. Hayward (ed.), De Gaulle to Mitterrand: Presidential Power in France
On the troubled Franco-American relationship and de Gaulle's attempt to challenge the Western Alliance:
R. Paxton & N. Wahl (eds.), De Gaulle and the United States: a Centennial Reappraisal
M. Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace
F. Costigliola, France and the United States: the Cold Alliance since World War II
C. Cogan, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: the United States and France since 1940
W. Cromwell, The United States and the European Pillar: the Strained Alliance
J-B. Duroselle, France and the United States
J. Rupnik & M. Humbertjean, ‘Images of the United States in Public Opinion’, in D. Lacorne, J. Rupnik & M-F. Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: a Century of French Perceptions *
M. Harrison, ‘French Anti-Americanism under the Fourth Republic and the Gaullist Solution’, in D. Lacorne, J. Rupnik & M-F. Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: a Century of French Perceptions *
A. Grosser, ‘Unruly France’, in D. Lacorne, J. Rupnik & M-F. Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: a Century of French Perceptions *
J. Wright, ‘The Cold War, European Community and Anglo-French Relations, 1958-1998’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
P. Melling & J. Roper (eds.), America, France and Vietnam: Cultural History and Ideas of Conflict (chs 2-3)
P. Williams, 'Vietnam: America's Algeria?', in P. Williams, Wars, Plots and Scandals in Post-War France *
M.P. Sullivan, France’s Vietnam Policy: A Study in French-American Relations
A crucial symbol of de Gaulle's aspirations in this period was the independent nuclear force:
W. Kohl, French Nuclear Diplomacy
W. Mendl, 'The Background of French Nuclear Policy', International Affairs 41 (1965)
J. Delmas, 'Military Power in France 1954-1958', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 *
B. Heuser, 'Historical Lessons and Discourse on Defence in France and Germany', Rethinking History 2 (1998)*
P-M. Gallois, 'The Raison d'Etre of French Defence Policy', International Affairs 31 (1963)
J. Melissen, 'Nuclearizing NATO, 1957-1959: the "Anglo-Saxons", Nuclear Sharing and the Fourth Country Problem', Review of International Studies 20 (1994) *
P. Cerny, ‘Gaullism, Nuclear Weapons and the State’, in J. Howorth & P. Chilton (eds.), Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France *
A. Sanguinetti, ‘French Defence: A Military Critique’, in J. Howorth & P. Chilton (eds.), Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France *
De Gaulle's intervention in Canadian politics was one of the highest-profile and most divisive of his policies, and provides a bridge to post-de Gaulle foreign policies:
J. Bosher, The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
M. Rioux, Quebec in Question - background to the Quebecois situation
Seminars 15 & 17: France's bid for power in Europe, 1957-73
Useful material can be found in general work on European integration:
R. Pryce (ed.), the Dynamics of European Union
R. Vaughan (ed.), Twentieth-Century Europe: Paths to Unity
M. Dedman, Origins and Development of the European Union 1945-95
W. Lipgens, A History of European Integration (2 vols.)
D. Weigall & P. Stirk (eds.), Origins and Development of the European Community (documents)
D. Brinkley & C. Hackett (eds.), Jean Monnet: the Path to European Unity
J. Monnet, Memoirs
P-H. Spaak, The Continuing Battle
P-H. Laurent, 'Paul-Henri Spaak & the Diplomatic Origins of the Common Market, 1955-6', Political Science Quarterly 85 (1970)
More specifically on French policies and goals:
S. Serfaty, France, de Gaulle and Europe: the Policy of the Fourth and Fifth Republics toward the Continent
P. Guillen, 'Europe as a Cure for French Impotence? The Guy Mollet Government and the Negotiation of the Treaties of Rome', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 *
A. Guyomann, H. Machin & E. Ritchie, France in the European Union
F. de La Serre & P. Moureau Defarges, ‘France: A Penchant for Leadership’, in C. Hill (ed.), National Foreign Policies and European Political Cooperation *
France's relations with its European partners enjoyed different levels of success. On Germany:
F.R. Willis, France, Germany and the New Europe
R. Morgan & C. Bray (eds.), Partners and Rivals in Western Europe: Britain, France and Germany
P. Gordon, France, Germany and the Western Alliance
J.W. Friend, The Linchpin: French-German Relations 1950-1990
C. Buffet & B. Heuser, 'Marianne and Michel: the Franco-German Couple', in C. Buffet & B. Heuser (eds.), Haunted by History: Myths in International Relations *
And on Britain:
Gladwyn, Lord, Memoirs
H. MacMillan, At the End of the Day, 1961-1963
A. Horne, MacMillan
R. Aldous (ed.), Harold MacMillan and Britain’s World Role
N. Waites, Troubled Neighbours: Franco-British Relations in the Twentieth Century
D. Pickles, The Uneasy Entente: French Foreign Policy and Franco-British Misunderstandings
J.W. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945-1999
R. Davis, 'The "Problem of de Gaulle", 1958-67', in P. Chassiagne & M. Dockrill (eds.), Anglo-French Relations 1898-1998: From Fashoda to Jospin *
P.M.H. Bell, France and Britain 1940-1994: the Long Separation
J. Wright, ‘The Cold War, European Community and Anglo-French Relations, 1958-1998’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
European policies often contributed to the increasing complexity of the Franco-American relationship:
P. Winand, Eisenhower, Kennedy and the United States of Europe
R. Paxton & N. Wahl (eds.), De Gaulle and the United States: a Centennial Reappraisal
An interesting attempt to illustrate the links between European and colonial affairs:
C.R. Schenk, 'Decolonization and European Economic Integration: the Free Trade Area Negotiations, 1956-58', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24 (1996)
Seminars 18-19: Gaullism continued 1973-95?
General texts on European union remain relevant:
M. Dedman, Origins and Development of the European Union 1945-95
W. Lipgens, A History of European Integration (2 vols.)
D. Weigall & P. Stirk (eds.), Origins and Development of the European Community (documents)
R. Pryce (ed.), the Dynamics of European Union
And on the French search for a role in a changing Europe:
E. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou
A. Guyomann, H. Machin & E. Ritchie, France in the European Union
M. Wise, ‘France and European Unity’, in R. Aldrich & J. Connell (eds.), France in World Politics *
R. Formesyn, 'Europeanisation and the Pursuit of National Interests', in V. Wright (ed.), Continuity and Change in France *
F. de La Serre & P. Moureau Defarges, ‘France: A Penchant for Leadership’, in C. Hill (ed.), National Foreign Policies and European Political Cooperation *
J. Friend, ‘The French Left and Europe’, in S. Serfaty (ed.), The Foreign Policies of the French Left *
S. Hoffmann, 'Thoughts on Sovereignty and French Politics', in G. Flynn (ed.), Remaking the Hexagon: The New France in the New Europe *
On the continuing search for a world role in the post-Gaullist era:
P. Gordon, A Certain Idea of France: French Security Policy and the Gaullist Legacy - the best treatment of the subject
A.W. DePorte, 'The Foreign Policy of the Fifth Republic: Between the Nation and the World', in J.F. Hollifield & G. Ross (eds.), Searching for the New France
P. Thody, The Fifth French Republic: President, Politics and Personalities
J. Howorth, 'The President's Special Role in Foreign and Defence Policy', in J. Hayward (ed.), De Gaulle to Mitterrand: Presidential Power in France
S. Hoffmann, 'Gaullism by Any Other Name', Foreign Policy 57 (1984/5) *
D. Vernet, 'The Dilemma of French Foreign Policy', International Affairs 68 (1992)
T. Chafer & B. Jenkins (eds.), France from the Cold War to the New World Order
Mitterrand is worth some attention as a point of comparison with de Gaulle as the two mens' careers intertwined for so long:
J. Lacouture, Mitterrand
J.W. Friend, The Long Presidency: France in the Mitterrand Years
A. Cole, François Mitterrand: A Study in Political Leadership
D. David, ‘Independence and Interdependence: Foreign Policy over Mitterrand’s Two Presidential Terms’, in M. Maclean (ed.), The Mitterrand Years: Legacy and Evaluation *
D. Levy, 'Foreign Policy: Business as Usual?', in S. Mazey & M. Newman (eds.), Mitterrand's France
J. Gaffney & L. Milne (eds.), French Presidentialism and the Election of 1995
Relations with Germany, Britain and America continue to feature prominently:
J.W. Friend, The Linchpin: French-German Relations 1950-1990
W. Hanrieder, The Foreign Policies of West Germany, France and Britain
K.W. Deutsch et al, France, Germany and the Western Alliance: A Study of Elite Attitudes on European Integration and World Politics
R. Morgan & C. Bray (eds.), Partners and Rivals in Western Europe: Britain, France and Germany
C. Buffet & B. Heuser, 'Marianne and Michel: the Franco-German Couple', in C. Buffet & B. Heuser (eds.), Haunted by History: Myths in International Relations *
N. Waites, Troubled Neighbours: Franco-British Relations in the Twentieth Century
H. Larsen, Foreign Policy and Discourse Analysis: France, Britain and Europe
M. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years
J.W. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945-1999
P.M.H. Bell, France and Britain 1940-1994: the Long Separation
J. Wright, ‘The Cold War, European Community and Anglo-French Relations, 1958-1998’, in A. Sharp & G. Stone (eds.), Anglo-French Relations in the Twentieth Century *
F. Costigliola, France and the United States: the Cold Alliance since World War II
C. Cogan, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: the United States and France since 1940
J. Rupnik & M. Humbertjean, ‘Images of the United States in Public Opinion’, in D. Lacorne, J. Rupnik & M-F. Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: a Century of French Perceptions *
J. Rupnik, 'Anti-Americanism and the Modern: The Image of the United States in French Public Opinion', in J. Gaffney (ed.), France and Modernisation *
A. Grosser, ‘Unruly France’, in D. Lacorne, J. Rupnik & M-F. Toinet (eds.), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: a Century of French Perceptions *
As with the previous nuclear and NATO debates, defence and security policies continued to define France's perception of its world role, not always without some domestic discontent:
B. Heuser, 'Historical Lessons and Discourse on Defence in France and Germany', Rethinking History 2 (1998) *
F. Bozo, 'France and Security in the New Europe: Between the Gaullist Legacy and the Search for a New Model', in G. Flynn (ed.), Remaking the Hexagon: The New France in the New Europe *
A. Menon, 'From Independence to Cooperation: France, NATO and European Security', International Affairs 71 (1995) *
D.S. Yost, 'France and the Gulf War of 1990-91: Political-Military Lessons Learned', Journal of Strategic Studies 16 (1993) *
E. Kolodziej, 'France and the Arms Trade', International Affairs 56 (1980)
R. Utley, The French Defence Debate
R. Ullman, 'The Covert French Connection', Foreign Policy 75 (1989)
J. Howorth, ‘Consensus and Mythology: Security Alternatives in Post-Gaullist France’, in R. Aldrich & J. Connell (eds.), France in World Politics *
J. Howorth, ‘Defence and the Mitterrand Government’, in J. Howorth & P. Chilton (eds.), Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France *
A. Sanguinetti, ‘French Defence: A Military Critique’, in J. Howorth & P. Chilton (eds.), Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France *
M. Harrison, ‘The Socialist Party, the Union of the Left, and French National Security’, in S. Serfaty (ed.), The Foreign Policies of the French Left *
J G. Mason, 'Mitterrand, the Socialists and French Nuclear Policy', in P. Le Prestre (ed.), French Security Policy in a Disarming World: Domestic Challenges and International Constraints *
Seminars 20-21: Neo-colonialism & Unfinished Business
Most of the literature focuses on the strange relationships between France and its former African colonies:
P. Manning, Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995
P. Gifford & W. Louis, France and Britain in Africa
P. Gifford & W. Louis, Decolonization and African Independence, 1960-1980
W.H. Lewis, French-speaking Africa: the Search for Identity
A. Andereggen, France's Relationship with Subsaharan Africa
C. M. Andrew, 'France: Adjustment to Change', in H. Bull & A. Watson (eds.), The Expansion of International Society
I.W. Zartman, 'Africa and the West: the French Connection', in B. Arlinghaus (ed.), African Security Issues: Sovereignty, Stability and Solidarity *
D. Bach, 'France's Involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Necessary Condition to Middle Power Status in the International System', in A. Sesay (ed.), Africa and Europe: From Partition to Interdependence or Dependence? *
G. Martin, ‘France and Africa’, in R. Aldrich & J. Connell (eds.), France in World Politics *
T. Chafer, 'French African Policy: Towards Change', African Affairs 91 (1992)
T. Chafer, 'Franco-African Relations: No Longer So Exceptional?', African Affairs 101 (2002)
T. Golan, 'A Certain Mystery: How can France do Everything that it does in Africa and Get Away With It?', African Affairs 80 (1981)
S. Brüne, 'Under Pressure for Reform: French Policies South of the Sahara', in S. Brüne, J. Betz & W. Kühne (eds.), Africa and Europe: Relations of Two Continents in Transition *
M.C. Smouts, 'Bilateral Relations and World Diplomacy: Franco-American Relations on Trial at the UN', in W.H. Morris-Jones & G. Fisher (eds.), Decolonisation and After: the British and French Experience
A useful focus is the case of French military operations in African states:
R. Luckham, 'French Militarism in Africa', Review of African Political Economy 24 (1982) *
D.S. Yost, 'French Policy in Chad and the Libyan Challenge', Orbis 26 (1983)
Some works extending beyond Africa:
H. Evans, ‘France and the Third World’, in R. Aldrich & J. Connell (eds.), France in World Politics *
R. Tiersky, ‘The French Left and the Third World’, in S. Serfaty (ed.), The Foreign Policies of the French Left *
S. Hessel, 'Mitterrand's France and the Third World', in G. Ross, S. Hoffmann & S. Malzacher (eds.), The Mitterrand Experiment: Continuity and Change in Modern France
R. Aldrich & J. Connell, France's Overseas Frontier: Départements & Territoires d'Outre-Mer
J. Connell & R. Aldrich, ‘Remnants of Empire: France’s Overseas Departments and Territories’, in R. Aldrich & J. Connell (eds.), France in World Politics *
The South Pacific territories rose to prominence with nuclear tests and the ensuing disputes:
S. Henningham, France and the South Pacific: a Contemporary History
R. Aldrich, France and the South Pacific since 1940
R. Thakur, 'A Dispute of Many Colours: France, New Zealand and the "Rainbow Warrior" Affair', The World Today 42 (1986)
G.P. Taylor, 'Victim or Aggressor? New Zealand and the Rainbow Warrior Affair', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 22 (1994)
Language became an instrument of French foreign policies in the post-independence era:
D.E. Ager, 'Francophonie' in the 1990s: Problems and Opportunities
S.K. Panter-Brick, 'La Francophonie with special reference to Educational Links and Language Problems', in W.H. Morris-Jones & G. Fisher (eds.), Decolonisation and After: the British and French Experience
R. Aldrich & J. Connell, ‘Francophonie: Language, Culture or Politics?’, in R. Aldrich & J. Connell (eds.), France in World Politics *
D.C. Gordon, French Language and National Identity 1930-1975
France is often accused of adopting 'neo-colonial' policies; useful works on this debate are:
B. Crozier, Neo-colonialism
S. Amin, Neo-colonialism in West Africa
G.D. de Bernis, 'Some Aspects of the Economic Relationship between France and its Ex-Colonies', in W.H. Morris-Jones & G. Fisher (eds.), Decolonisation and After: the British and French Experience
And on the ongoing repercussions of decolonization and France's search for a role:
J. Girling, France: Political and Social Change - chapter on grandeur
C. Flood & H. Frey, 'Questions of Decolonization and Post-Colonialism in the Ideology of the French Extreme-Right', Journal of European Studies 28(1998)
