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От
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Константин Федченко
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Kon65
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Дата
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26.11.2003 20:35:56
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Рубрики
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1917-1939;
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итак, что нам скажут прожженные империалисты?
Энциклопедия Британика, Том 16, 1975 года
WAR COMMUNISM
The Civil War and intervention. The period of relatively peaceful consolidation for the Soviet government was ended by the outbreak of civil war in May 1918, triggered by a clash between Soviet forces and the troops of the Czechoslovak Legion who were being evacuated from Russia via the Trans-Siberian Railway. Anti-Communist Russians, called the "Whites" and led by officers of the old army, seized this opportunity to take control of most of the country from the Volga river to the Pacific Ocean. Bitter fighting ensued between White units and Red Army, newly organized by Trotsky (as Commissar of Military Affairs since Brest-Litovsk), and a White thrust on Moscow was barely turned back in August.
Meanwhile, the Allied powers had begun to intervene militarily in Russia. With the original aim of keeping Allied munitions shipments out of German hands, British forces had landed in Murmansk in March by arrangement with the Soviet government. Following the Czech revolt, Great Britain, France, and the United States landed troops in northern Russia, while the U.S. and Japan landed forces in eastern Siberia, all in support of the Whites. The Allied motives were mixed, with Britain and France impelled by the hope both of getting Russia back into the war against Germany and of suppressing the Communist Revolution. Japan
was interested in annexing Russian territory, and the United States was concerned mainly to restrain the Japanese and help rescue the Czechoslovaks.
(Союзные державы начали военную интервенцию в Россию. С первоначальной целью уберечь союзные поставки снаряжения от рук Германии, британские силы высадились в марте по соглашению с Советским правительством. После мятежа чехословаков, Великобритания, Франция, США высадили войска в северной России, США и Япония высадили войска в восточной Сибири - для поддержки белых. Цели союзников были различны - Британию и Францию вдохновляли надежды подавить коммунистическую революцию и вовлечь Россию в войну против Германии. Япония была заинтересована в захвате русских территорий, а США были озабочены тем, чтобы ограничить японские аппетиты и помочь в эвакуации чехословаков)
The collapse of Germany and the end of World War I in November 1918 terminated the original excuse for intervention and, in the same time, appeared to herald the world revolution anticipated by the Communists. Intervention now assumed an avowedly counterrevolutionary aim.
(После развала Германии и окончания Первой мировой войны в ноябре 1918 года первоначальное оправдание интервенции потеряло смысл, но в то же время мир был оповещен о мировой революции, поддерживаемой коммунистами. Интервенция теперь выполняла превентивную контрреволюционную задачу.)
U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson proposed a peace conference on Russia to be held on the Turkish island of Prinkipo (Buyukada), but the Whites, backed by French Piemier Georges Clemenceau and British War Secretary Winston Churchill, rejected the idea. The British and French landed additional forces and stepped up their logistical support of the White armies, despite sharp cleavages of opinion at home over the Russian Revolution.
Stiffened by their foreign backing, the Whites launched a series of determined offensives toward Moscow in 1919 – from Siberia under Adm. Aleksandr Kolchak, from the Don region under Gen. Anton Denikin, and from the Baltic region under Gen. Nikolay Yudenich toward Petrograd. Though militarily formidable, the White cause was weakened politically by its authoiitarian tendencies, its unwillingness to leave the peasants in possession of the land, and its harsh treatment of non-Russian minorities, particularly the Jews. The Communists had the advantage of interior communications and a spirit of national resistance against foreign intervention. Allied intervention was not sufficiently massive or resolute to be decisive. One by one, the White thrusts were turned back, and, by early 1920, with the capture and execution of Kolchak, the serious challenge of counterrevolution was at an end. Acknowledging the futility of intervention, all the Allied powers, except the Japanese, now withdrew their forces.
In the course of its victories, the Red Army reoccupied much of the territory that had been lost under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Where independent states had been set up under the aegis of the Central Powers — in the Ukraine and in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus — local Communists were installed in power to form new soviet republics, linked to Russia by treaty. A similar republic was set up for the area of Belorussia ("White Russia," as distinguished by language, not to be confused with the White Russians in the political sense). In the Baltic region, the Communists were not able to take power; and the republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, which had proclaimed their independence when the Armistice ended the German occupation, survived with Allied backing.
Poland, which had similarly proclaimed independence, uniting Polish-speaking territory formerly under German or Austrian rule with German-occupied Russian Poland, was soon at odds with Soviet Russia over the undefined frontier between them. The Poles rejected the Curzon Line proposed by British Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon as Poland's eastern frontier and attacked in the Ukraine in the spring of 1920. The Russians pushed back and very nearly took Warsaw, before a Polish counter-oftensive with French staff and logistical support routed the Red Army. In the Treaty of Riga of March 18, 1921, the Russians accepted a frontier leaving considerable Belorussian- and Ukrainian-speaking territory under Polish rule. This region was the object of Soviet annexation in 1939 and again at the close of World War II.
The last White offensive against the Soviet regime was led by Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel from his base in the Crimea in mid-1920. The Red Army, once a settlement with the Poles was in prospect, turned its full force against Wrangel and easily drove him and his army into exile. There remained only the Japanese and White Russian forces in eastern Siberia, with which Moscow dealt through a nominally independent government known as the Far Eastern Republic. In the fall of 1922, the Japanese finally withdrew, the Whites went into exile (mainly in Manchuria), and the Far Eastern Republic was absorbed into Soviet Russia.
Уважаемому Presscenter - не правда ли, слово в слово "старые школьные учебники СССР"? "Интервенция Антанты в Советскую Россию с целью свалить большевиков и вернуть Россию в лоно войны".
С уважением