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Современность; Флот;
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с RB08 хуже ибо антиквариат 60х годов
есть RB04 и RBS15
там есть упоминание на развитие
Это RBS15
4 Images
ANTI-SHIP MISSILES, SWEDEN'S ANTI-SHIP MISSILE PROGRAMME p 8
JANE'S MISSILES & ROCKETS
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DATE: DECEMBER 01, 1997
EDITION: 1997
VOLUME/ISSUE: 001/009
INTRODUCTION:
Sweden's expertise in anti-ship weapons has a fascinating
background. Now that SAAB is funding the development of the
RBS15
anti-ship missile, Jane's Missiles and Rockets takes a detailed look
at the weapon and the story so far....
TEXT:
Sweden's skills with missile systems can be traced back to the
Second World War - when wreckage of German V1 and V2 rockets which
fell by accident on the neutral country were recovered and studied.
The navigation accuracy of the German rockets was poor, yet they
still caused major damage. The test firings were performed from a
range at Peenemunde on the German Baltic coast.
SAAB was asked to participate in the investigation of the recovered
V1/V2 hardware and since then has been heavily involved in the
development and production of missile systems. The early
developments led to the first successful launching of a so-called
aerial torpedo 50 years ago . This was followed by several missile
programmes of which the Surface-to-Surface Missile System (SSM)
RB315/316 became operational by the mid -1950s.
Parallel to this, the Swedish Air Force developed its own
air-to-ship missile system, designated the RB04, which also came
operational use by the mid 1950s. During the 1960s and 1970s it
underwent several upgrading programmes. At this time, the RB05 was
developed with SAAB as the main contractor, to meet land attack
requirements but also to be operational against smaller naval
targets. The Swedish Navy, as a result from several feasibility
studies and lacking funding for a significant new development,
decided to rebuild a French target drone into a SSM, the RB08,
during the 1960s.
Finally, with the order to SAAB as prime contractor for RBS15 in
1979, the Swedish Air Force, Navy and Coastal Defence requirements
were met by a common missile system. The RBS15 is in operational use
in Swedish as well as foreign defence forces.
During the development of the RBS15, emphasis was put on a missile
being capable to operate with a long flight range to encounter
hostile forces in open sea as well as in littoral warfare scenarios.
The ship-launched version was designed to fit on the fast Spica
class strike craft, while the air-launched version was to be carried
by both the Viggen and on the smaller, more versatile, Gripen
fighter. The RBS15 has later been integrated on several different
platforms, including trucks.
As one prerequisite, in order to achieve a low risk/low cost
development programme, it was decided to use the RB04 as a baseline.
In general, the RB04 was to be equipped with a turbojet engine and
rocket boosters and fired from a canister in the surface launched
applications. New state-of-the-art technology electronics were
developed where necessary, but in some cases the RB04 concept
received only minor modifications. The result was a cost effective,
world class performance anti-ship missile system.
In 1994 Saab received a contract for upgrading existing RBS15
missiles in Sweden - designated the RBS15 MKII - to enhance the
performance and increase the life time of the missile inventory. The
development and production activities are in process. In parallel
with this programme Saab has decided to fund the development of the
RBS15 Mk3, a next generation anti-ship missile system for the export
market, cost effectively meeting today's and future operational
requirements and with a significant further growth potential.
When designing the RBS15 Mk3, the system specification has been
established to meet:
- the JPO/UK MoD requirements for the Surface-to-Surface Guided
Weapon System (SSGW) for the Common New Generation Frigates
(CNGF-Horizon).
- the Royal Swedish Navy and Defence Materiel Administration (FMV)
requirements for the RBS15 MkII
- requirements resulting from Saab Dynamics' own operational
analysis of future threat scenarios by using, for example, tactical
simulation results from TACSIM (see below)
Essentially, this has led to the following main operational features
of the RBS15 Mk3:
- A modern Missile Engagement Planning System (MEPS) with a graphic
interface designed for easy operation, providing extensive decision
support to the operator
- Long flight range (in excess of 200 km), with each missile
individually prepared within a salvo
- Sophisticated target discrimination and selection
- Excellent defence penetration capabilities through careful
design of the seeker characteristics and the missile's terminal
behaviour
- A warhead meeting insensitive munitions requirements having a
lethal effect on targets ranging from small attack craft to frigates
and heavy cruisers
Today's state-of-the-art design of the RBS15 Mk3 anti-ship missile
system results in high availability, reliability and maintainability
and long maintenance intervals. Being based on a well proven concept
and with strong emphasis on modern production methods, it provides a
low life cycle cost for a specified lifetime of 30 years.
The RBS15 Mk3 is designed to operate in any naval scenario, from
littoral warfare situations to blue sea conditions. The system has
day and night all weather capability. The long flight range and
flexible trajectory enables attacks on hostile ships from short
distances up to ranges well beyond the horizon, depending on third
party targeting. Attacks can also be mounted from different
directions with pre-selected time of arrival for each missile.
Through careful engagement planning the missiles can make use of
terrain masking for a concealed approach resulting in late
detection.
A missile engagement can utilise diverging missile salvos, attacking
several targets in one single firing, or converging salvos through
co-ordinated attacks. The unlimited over land flight capability
enables coastal defence batteries to be deployed in concealed
positions far from the coastline and airborne attacks to be launched
with minimum aircraft exposure.
The RBS15 Mk3 anti-ship missile system comprises the following
sub-systems:
- The fully autonomous Missile Engagement Planning System (MEPS)
- In the ship-launched and truck-launched versions, the MEPS is
integrated with the combat management system, whereas the MEPS in
the air-launched version is integrated with the airforce mission
planning system. In both cases, the MEPS receives target information
and provides automatically generated engagement plans, which can be
approved or amended by the operator. The MEPS provides each missile
with preparation data by either direct communication through a high
performance data link or via a portable data memory through the
aircraft weapon system before missile launch.
- The MEPS comprises a central processing unit, a missile operator
console and various panels and adapter units.
Missiles
- For ship-launched and truck-launched versions each missile is
contained in a canister, which serves as missile launcher as well as
environmental protection throughout the missile's life cycle - a
round of ammunition concept. In the air-launched version, each
missile is contained in a protective trolley before being hoisted to
the aircraft pylon.
- The missile dimensions are:
- length 4330 mm, diameter 500 mm, span 1400 mm
- weight 630 kg (800 kg including boosters)
- The canister dimensions are:
- length 4420 mm, width 1200 mm, height 950 mm
- weight 800 kg
- Test/Maintenance equipment, documentation (CALS compliant) and
spare parts
- Built-in Test functions provide for simple and effective
testing at all maintenance levels.
The MEPS has been designed to meet the requirements for integration
with different types of command and control systems, in air force
mission planning systems, on ships of different sizes and on trucks.
The digital interface has been standardised to conform with Ethernet
(IEEE 802.3) and TCP/IP communication protocols, but other interface
standards can also be used depending on the installation
requirements. This provides for integration of the MEPS in a local
area network.
The operator display utilises a graphic Man Machine Interface (MMI),
where all targets are displayed together with the missile engagement
planning data for each missile within a salvo. The main part of the
MMI contains a map of the combat area. This enables the operator to
overview the operational scenario, and to make changes as required
to the engagement plans, by the use of graphical tools. To
facilitate co-ordinated attacks from several weapon carriers,
externally generated engagement data can be received over the
digital interface and be displayed on the screen. The MEPS can also
transmit complete engagement plans to higher command levels.
Based on target information and other combat data from higher
command systems, the MEPS will autonomously perform all the required
functions for engagement planning and preparation of the RBS15 Mk3
missile. Once targets have been identified and selected, the MEPS
can propose automatically generated engagement plans, based on user
defined threat libraries. The MEPS will thus provide extensive
operator support, a feature that is needed for quick response and
absolutely vital in order to handle increasingly complex combat
scenarios.
The MEPS has two main principles of operation:
Integrated-
when operated from multi function consoles in the command and
control system over the local area network. All RBS15 Mk3 specific
system software will reside within the MEPS, but operated from an
external console.
Autonomous-
when operated from the dedicated missile console, part of the RBS15
Mk3 system. When used in ship and truck installations, there is also
a reversionary mode where the system can be operated via a
touch-screen panel, with limited system performance.
In both cases, the MEPS has four operational modes: Combat,
Training, Maintenance and Tactical Simulation. The combat and
training states are identical, with the exception of supplying
preparation and firing data to the missiles, which is not possible
in the training mode. Combat scenarios can be predicted by using
current information on target positions and speeds, resulting in
engagement plans which can be prepared and later used for missile
firings. In the maintenance mode, tests can be executed and
modifications can be implemented on software and libraries.
Finally, the tactical simulation mode enables the operator to study
different tactical situations during preparation of threat libraries
and analysis of engagement planning data. This mode can also be used
for pre- and post-exercise analysis.
Tactical Behaviour. One of the main features of the RBS15 Mk 3 is
the long flight range, which exceeds 200 km. The missile navigation
system is designed for maximum trajectory flexibility and the
missile can fly through any number of pre-planned horizontal and
vertical way-points. Missiles in a salvo can be individually primed
to follow different attack approaches, and the estimated time of
arrival in the target area can be pre-set for each missile.
Simultaneous arrival or arrival with a desired time interval between
missiles can thus be achieved. This results in claims of several
operational advantages:
- the missile can attack targets well beyond the horizon, using
target information from the passive sensors part of own ship's
Electronic Support Measures (ESM) systems and/or third party
targeting. This gives an opportunity to be the first to fire, and
the first to hit.
- the missile can attack targets from different directions and make
use of terrain masking or avoid exclusion zones on its way to the
target area. This enables saturation of the target's defence
systems. Co-ordinated attacks from different firing systems can
further enhance this possibility. To make use of this tactical
flexibility, the missile flight range has to be significantly
greater than the operational firing range.
- the missile altitude can be selected for flight over land or
archipelago, for flying low sea skimming below the horizon during
the mid-course guidance phase and for selecting the optimum altitude
for the target seeker during the search and acquisition phase. Once
a target has been acquired, the missile can adjust its altitude to
keep the target on the radar horizon for as long as possible.
- should the missile be seduced by countermeasures or in any
other way fail to home onto the selected target during the final
attack phase, a re-attack can be pre-programmed either to engage the
same target area (from another attack direction) or to engage a
secondary target.
To achieve the long range whilst flying at very low sea skimming
altitudes, and to utilise the operational advantages of the flexible
trajectory and re-attack capability, the missile flies at high
subsonic speed.
Subsonic speed enables the missile to be designed with stealth
properties:
- a low radar cross-section in the forward aspect through careful
selection of materials, application of radar absorbing materials and
intelligent control of the target seeker antenna
- a low IR signature through selection of surface treatment
combined with low aerothermal heating
- a low visual signature through reduced smoke propellant in the
rocket motors.
This, in combination with the flexible trajectory and low sea
skimming altitude, makes the missile difficult to detect. The target
seeker characteristics include upper Ku band frequency and wide
antenna aperture, providing excellent angular resolution. The short,
high power monopulse gives good range resolution. Thus, the target
seeker has several operational preparation possibilities when it
comes to target selection:
- target position
- single/multiple/group
- target size and priority
- search area type and size
- search area masking and intelligent area scanning.
To minimise the effects of soft kill countermeasures the target
seeker is provided with Electronic Counter Counter Measure (ECCM)
functions for:
- target analysis - false target discrimination both for
distraction and seduction
- home on jam
- high bandwidth frequency agility
- jittered pulse repetition frequency
- high output power
Hard kill resistance is provided by:
- defence saturation through pre selected time of arrival from
different directions
- extremely; low sea skimming altitude during final attack, which
can be sea-adapted down to 1 m
- non predictable evasive manoeuvres during the terminal phase.
The high manoeuvrability of the missile is supported by a variable
thrust turbojet engine.
Finally, the 200 kg warhead is of the blast and fragmentation type,
having a devastating effect on the target. The triggering of the
warhead can be achieved by direct impact or fused by a proximity
sensor.
Future Developments. The advantages of a data link between the
missile and the operations centre are obvious: the missile
preparation can be updated in flight with the latest target
information, and the missile can report back on the actual target
scene and the success of the attack. The disadvantages are the
technical difficulties in communicating with the missile at long
range and low altitude, and also ensuring an absolutely secure data
link that cannot be detected or interfered with by the enemy. Such
equipment would add to the complexity of the system and therefore
also to the development and production costs.
It has been decided not to equip the RBS15 Mk 3 with such a
facility. Given a customer requirement, however, a data link could
be introduced into the system, utilising methods already in use in
the SAAB Gripen aircraft. The MEPS would then be provided with
additional equipment to display the data received from each missile
in flight.
Improved Navigational Accuracy. The basic navigation system of the
RBS 15 Mk 3 operates in geographical co-ordinates. Preparations have
been made to incorporate GPS as an option.
For scenarios where operational advantages can be achieved by flying
major parts of the trajectory over land, a Terrain Reference
Navigation System (TERNAV) can add to system performance. The
methods and software for TERNAV have been developed and are
currently in use on the Viggen.
The terrain data can be loaded by the MEPS or via a portable data
memory from the aircraft weapon system, provided sufficient
memory is available in the missile's computer.
Both methods can be used, either separately or in combination,
leading to the following operational advantages:
- relaxation of the installation alignment requirements for the
missile
- enhanced system performance in littoral warfare conditions, where
exact knowledge of the geography in the seeker search area together
with improved navigation accuracy can be used to enable the seeker
to discriminate real targets from land echoes
- ships close to land or in harbour can be attacked from inland
with less land clutter in the seeker field of view and a precision
search mode.
On Board ECM facilities. Studies have been performed on the
possibility of equipping the missile with IR and radar decoys.
SAAB has developed an electronic warfare facility for the study of
seeker real time performance in a simulated environment. To enable
the required high speed signal processing, a digital radio frequency
memory has been designed. If introduced as an improvement in the
RBS15 Mk 3, the device can be used in two ways:
- to analyse incoming radar signals in order to determine which
kind of fire control radar the target is equipped with, in order to
select the optimum terminal manoeuvres
- to distort and re-transmit the radar pulses in order to jam or
mislead the fire control radar.
Pre-penetrator warhead. A pre-penetrator warhead would further
improve the destructive effects of hitting a ship with a strong
hull. The missile electronics section in front of the warhead has
been designed with spare volume in order to accommodate a
pre-penetrator.
LPI Target Seeker. The target seeker represents the most advanced
technology currently available for existing anti-ship missile
systems. the high power RF transmitter, however, makes the missile
vulnerable to detection. This is to some extent countered by using
delayed target acquisition, but once alerted the target's defence
systems may use all their power to mislead or destroy the incoming
missile.
A next generation target seeker could utilise spread spectrum
technology to obtain a low probability of intercept (LPI). The
output power in a given band would then be so low that it would be
difficult to detect the signal in the background noise. The output
power could be adjusted to the minimum required for target
acquisition and gradually reduced during tracking. The radar
equation shows that if the missile seeker is not detected at lock-on
it will never be detected as the missile approaches. Digital coding
of the signal improves the range resolution to a level where it
becomes possible to recognise target characteristics and then use
that information for selection of a specific target within a group.
Using synthetic aperture radar techniques would further improve the
angular resolution, also leading to improvements in target
discrimination.
Such LPI technology already exists in laboratory prototypes today.
Putting it into a stealthy, sub-sonic missile would render the
missile virtually impossible to detect and defeat. The impact of
this technology on naval warfare will be considerable.
Dual Sensor Seeker. Whilst radar technology is necessary for blue
water, poor weather, Imaging Infra Red (IIR) seekers can be used to
enhance further target acquisition and tracking in certain
conditions. Using correlation techniques, the seeker can recognise a
specific target and also select an accurate aim point on the
selected target. Such situations may be:
- targets close to land or in harbour
- a pinpointed target within a tight formation
- a pinpointed target with neutral or friendly ships in the target
area
- very large targets, where the effect can only be achieved by
careful selection of the aim point.
To give all-weather, blue water and littoral warfare capabilities, a
dual seeker installation with both an LPI radar and an IIR seeker
could be used. Using sensor fusion techniques, the optimum mix of
the two independent sensors can be achieved in any situation.
Land Attack Capability. From the above, it is clear that the future
anti-ship missile will possess significant land attack capability.
The RBS15 Mk 3 in its baseline configuration, with an enhanced
navigation system can present a threat to selected land targets,
using the navigation system as the only tool for finding the target.
Further growth potential, as indicated above, will add to the target
catalogue even more. The distinction between land attack and
anti-ship missiles will thus become less important.
The future war will thus become increasingly complex, and tomorrow's
weapon systems will allow for rapid changes in the tactical
situation. A sophisticated missile system will have to be flexible
in order to meet the new threats.
The trend in anti-surface weapons for the next 10 to 20 years will
be towards stealthy, highly intelligent land and sea target missiles
with high commonality. These missiles will be using multi-sensors
and terrain following at very low altitudes at high sub-sonic speed,
as opposed to a supersonic design solely aimed at sea targets and
with less operational flexibility. The RBS15 Mk 3 concept provides
one baseline for this type of future anti-surface system.
The SAAB RBS15
CAPTION:
The SAAB RBS15 ground-launched missile being fired from
truck-mounted launcher
Firing of a SAAB RBS15
CAPTION:
Firing of a SAAB RBS15 anti-ship missile from a JAS-39
Gripen aircraft
Ground-launched RBS15
CAPTION:
Ground-launched RBS15 with boosters burning
RBS15 anti-ship missile
CAPTION:
RBS15 anti-ship missile being launched from a Swedish
Norrkoping class missile craft
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© 1997 Jane's Information Group