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27.11.2002 11:04:49
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Современность; Флот;
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2 Олег Радько Exocet
Опять из старого Jane's Naval Weapon Systems
3 Images
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, FRANCE
Date Posted: 29 November 2001
Jane's Naval Weapon Systems 36
EXOCET MM 38/SM 39/MM 40 (GWS 50)
Type
Medium range anti-ship missile. Surface ship and submarine launched.
Development
The Exocet missile is not only the most famous anti-ship weapon in the world but it also has one of the longest pedigrees.
This pedigree has two lines, the first of which began in 1958 when Nord Aviation (later Aerospatiale Engins Tactiques and
later Aerospatiale Matra Missiles), began development of the AS30 air-to-surface missile which was completed in 1964. The
second was Nord's simultaneous development, between 1959 and 1962, of the MM 20 (Mer-Mer 20 km) ship-launched
anti-ship missile. This weapon, based upon the Nord CT 20 target drone, was developed for the Swedish Navy and was
operated by them as Rb08 until circa 1980.
In 1963, Nord proposed a ship-launched anti-ship derivative of AS30 to the French Navy but at that time the service had no
requirement for such a system. Nevertheless, Nord decided to continue with the project as a private venture. In 1965 it began
project definition and by 1967 had decided the missile would include an inertial guidance platform. The sinking of the Israeli
destroyer Eilat in 1967 aroused interest in the project both from the French Navy and from other navies, especially Greece.
Initial development began in August 1968 and, in October, the French Navy took the decision to adopt the missile for its
ships. On 24 December 1968, Greece ordered the missile, now called Exocet (`Flying Fish'). The following day, the French
Defence Ministry signed a contract for full-scale development and production of the new missile. By the time the first
incomplete missile was fired on 8 July 1970 five more countries had ordered Exocet. Meanwhile, as development proceeded,
Nord expanded the concept and in June 1969 and January 1970 proposed submarine-launched and air-launched versions (SM
38 and AM 38).The first firing of a full Exocet was made on 10 June 1971 and development was completed in July 1972.
Operational trials began in October 1972 and were completed by the Summer of 1974.
In 2000, the proposed closure of the propellant plant supporting the MM 38 sustainer led to the canvassing by Aerospatiale
Matra Missiles of all MM 38 customers warning them that unless they placed orders by the end of the year, it would no longer
be possible to recondition these motors. The company stated that if sufficient orders were received then the plant would remain
open to meet the demand. Nine countries (two African, three South East Asian, one European and three South American)
agreed to order new engines and while none have been publicly identified they are believed to be Argentina, Ecuador, Greece,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Peru, Nigeria and Thailand. In addition, France has decided to upgrade the motors of 50 SM39.
The initial production version, MM 38 (with a design range of 20.54 n miles, 38 km) was to have been followed by a
derivative of the air-launched AM 39 (the first test firing of which was in June 1973) as MM 39 for smaller warships. This
concept was later abandoned in favour of a lengthened version of the MM 39 as the MM 40 (with a design range of 21.60 nmiles, 40 km) which entered production in 1980. However, a submarine-launched version of MM 39 was developed from 1979
as SM 39 and the first submerged launching took place in December 1982. Development was completed in September 1984
and the missile entered service with the French Navy in April 1985 with the commissioning of L'Inflexible. The original
production version of the MM40 is now dubbed Block 1 while an improved version, which appears to have entered production
for the French Navy in the late 1980s, is dubbed Block 2. Coastal defence versions of MM 38 have also been produced. In
1993 Aerospatiale Missiles (as Nord was renamed in the 1980s) claimed a 93 per cent success rate in 320 exercise launches
with Exocet. In May 1999 Aerospatiale Missile was renamed Aerospatiale Matra Missiles. At that time Exocet had 20 per cent
of the Western manufacturers' share of the world anti-ship missile market.
Exocet was used operationally by Argentina in the South Atlantic conflict of 1982 and by Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War. In the
former conflict AM 39s set ablaze the destroyer HMS Sheffield on 4 May 1982 and the container ship Atlantic Conveyor
(15,000 tonnes grt) on 25 May 1982. Each ship was hit by one of two missiles and both sank under tow. In addition, on 12
June, the destroyer HMS Glamorgan was hit and badly damaged by an MM 38 launched from an ad hoc coastal defence
battery. Ironically the United Kingdom manufactured 17 per cent of each MM 38 following an order for some 300 missiles and
37 firing installations in 1971. The system was designated GWS 50 by the Royal Navy.
In the Gulf War the first ship which appears to have been hit by an Exocet was the Liberian bulk carrier Al Tajdar (17,747
tonnes grt) on 19 October 1981. However, the infamous `Tanker War' did not begin until an Exocet hit the Saudi
Arabian-registered tanker Safina al Arab south of Kharg Island on 25 April 1984. The ship was a constructive total loss.
Other attacks followed and the stretch of water 100 n miles (185 km) south east of Kharg Island was nicknamed `Exocet
Alley'. According to Lloyds List International most of the damage caused to ships came not from the detonation of the warhead
but from ensuing fires. However, a considerable number of missiles failed to reach their targets because the Iranians deployed
decoy vessels and floating radar reflectors, some of the latter being hit more than 20 times.
In the `Tanker War' and earlier attacks, published sources indicate 135 ships (9,072,777 tonnes grt) were hit by Exocets,
including 83 tankers, and these accounted for 61 per cent of the total number of ships damaged by the Iraqi Air Force. Of the
Exocet casualties 14 (430,173 tonnes grt) were sunk and 60 (4,404,261 tonnes grt) were rendered constructive total losses
although only one super tanker, the North Korean Son Bong (224,841 tonnes grt) was sunk during an attack at Kharg Island on
19 September 1985. It should be noted that many tankers and bulk carriers were declared constructive total losses because the
decline in ship values and a surplus of hulls meant that it was cheaper to acquire a new ship than to repair a damaged one.
Towards the end of the Iran-Iraq War this situation saw a complete change. The only warship casualty was the `Oliver Hazard
Perry' class frigate USS Stark (FFG 31) which was struck by two missiles on 17 May 1987 of which the warhead of only one
detonated. Several ships of Iraq's allies were struck during the conflict and another five ships (91,657 tonnes grt) were damaged
in collisions and through stranding while attempting to avoid Exocets.
During the 1991 Gulf War (Operation `Desert Storm') it was claimed that an MM 40 from a Kuwaiti FAC (either the Al
Sanbouk or the Istiqbal) struck an unidentified target. It has been claimed as an Iraqi minelayer but this ship was also claimed
by a Harpoon.
The French Navy anticipated withdrawing Exocet MM 40 Block 2 from service about 2005 and replacing it with the
supersonic Anti-Navire Futur (ANF) but the latter programme was suspended in the New Year of 2000. Aerospatiale Matra is
optimistic that the programme will be restored later in the decade and continues work on ramjet engines under the Vesta
(Vecteur à Statoréacteur) programme which is scheduled for completion in 2003 with three test flights. Initially, this
programme was considered the basis of a resurrected ANF which would have incorporated the seeker and warhead of Exocet
Block 2, together with a new altimeter and booster. However, by late 2000, there appeared to be a reverse of this concept and it
was decided to incorporate technology developed for ANF and the Vesta technology demonstrator into Exocet Block 2 to
extend its service life to 2015 and beyond. The first phase, the privately funded Block 2 Mod 1, completed development rapidly
and, by late 2000, was in production for delivery in mid-2001. A privately funded Mod 2 and a Defence Ministry funded Mod
3 are being studied.
Description
The Exocet features a cylindrical body with sharply pointed nose. The swept, cropped long chord wings and small tail control
surfaces are laid out in a cruciform configuration. The following description is of MM 38.
The front of the missile contains the guidance compartment with the Dassault Electronique (formerly Electronique Serge
Dassault) ADAC (Auto Directeur Anti-Clutter) I-band (8 to 10 GHz) single axis active monopulse radar seeker. This seeker
features horizontal stabilisation of the transmitter mode and has a maximum range of 13 n miles (24 km) against FACs. Also
present in this compartment is the Thomson-CSF RE576 inertial unit with vertical and axial gyroscopes, the Aerospatiale
guidance command processor (Elaborateur d'Ordre de Guidage - EOG) and the two-antenna Thomson-TRT (formerly TRT)
AHV-7 radio altimeter.
Behind the guidance compartment is a Luchaire GP1A 165 kg fragmentation warhead with a SERAT delayed impact fuzeand an autopilot-controlled proximity fuze. The warhead consists of cast hexolite and is designed to penetrate the hull before
detonating. In the remaining half of the missile is the propulsion system which, in the MM 38, consists of a 151 kg SNPE
Epevier alloy-cased cast double base propellant sustainer with a maximum burn time of 93 seconds. Behind it is the 100 kg
SNPE Vautour composite boost motor which has a burn time of 2.4 seconds. Also in the rear of the missile are the thermal
battery and the actuation system. There are two horizontally mounted exhaust nozzles.
The operational versions of Exocet are:
MM 38: Surface-launched missile from ships and coast-defence installations. For the latter see Jane's Armour and Artillery.
MM 40: Surface-launched missile with folding wings, a steel-cased SNPE Altair cast grain double-base sustainer, and SNPE
Gerfaut composite propellant booster and a Thomson-TRT RAM 01 altimeter. Compared with the MM 38 the booster is larger
while the Block 1 seeker has a wider search and acquisition angle. The Block 2 missile features a new J-band (10 to 20 GHz)
Super ADAC seeker which has improved ECCM performance, associated electronics and a new guidance computer. The
manufacturer claims the missile has lower radar and IR signatures, the seeker is activated much closer to the target and has
improved ECCM performance while it can distinguish specific targets in dense electronic environments and can even select
such targets according to their size. Company literature indicates the presence of a smaller, 155 kg warhead with both impact
and proximity fuzes. The new electronics permit the missile to optimise its sea-skimming height allowing it to operate in
conditions to Sea State 7 even in severe ECM conditions. The fire-control system has also been adapted with the development
of the Cat-Visac console which can operate with two types of the Exocet missile simultaneously. The new fire-control system
allows improved target selectivity, attacks upon multiple targets by diverging and converging salvos.
New versions of the Block 2 missile have evolved incorporating technology developed for the `suspended' ANF supersonic
anti-ship missile. The Block 2 Mod 1 features an improved seeker and a laser-gyro inertial navigation system from ANF/Vesta
but retains the Block 2 digital guidance computer. These enhance guidance accuracy and improve target discrimination.
Proposals for Block 2 Mod 2 include a new digital guidance computer and a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, both
developed for Vesta, permitting guidance with the aid of GPS-specified waypoints allowing the weapon to be used for
attacking ships in harbour or even soft land targets such as airfields. The Block 2 Mod 3 would incorporate the coherent active
radar seeker planned for ANF with improved range accuracy. Not only would it have improved ECCM capability, but also it
would provide target recognition and aim-point selection. All of these improvements are, or would be, applied both to
new-build missiles and to the older MM 40.
AM 39: See Jane's Air-Launched Weapons.
SM 39: Submarine-launched missile with folding wings. This missile uses the SNPE Narval composite case-bonded sustainer
and the SNPE Condor composite propellant booster.
The ship-launched Exocets are carried in a launcher-container within which they are suspended from a launch rail in the
ceiling. The standard installations for the surface-launched versions are ITS (with metal containers) for the MM 38 and ITL
(with glassfibre containers) for the MM 40. These installations are produced by ECAN Ruelle for the DCN, although
Aerospatiale produce the glassfibre containers for ITL.
Each installation normally consists of two or four launcher-containers inclined at an angle of 12º. The four-round ITS
(Installation de Tir Standard) weighs 13.5 tonnes with missiles while the four-round ITL (Installation de Tir Légère) weighs
9.5 tonnes with missiles. Triple and single round installations are also available.
In addition to the launcher installations there is a control console. Optional features of the system include a co-ordinate
converter to interface the missile with the ship's sensors, and de-icing equipment.
The SM 39 is housed in a VSM (Véhicule Sous-Marine), a watertight, torpedo-shaped capsule which is 5.80 m long, weighs
1,350 kg, is pressurised to 300 millibar and is discharged from a submarine torpedo tube.
The VSM consists of a nosecone, a cylindrical body containing the missile (which is held in place by two four-segment
sabots), and the propulsion section at the rear. The latter is based upon a solid propellant rocket motor and includes a battery,
actuators and eight fins which combine with efflux control to control the capsule.
Targets for the surface-launched missiles are acquired by the ship's sensors, the system being associated with more than 24
different search radars. The operator then aligns the axial gyros in the target's direction while the estimated range is fed into the
EOG and begins the initiation sequence which can take up to 1 minute.
The thermal battery is turned on, the mechanical safety locks are released, the booster is ignited and the umbilical cord is
broken, the total process taking 60 seconds. Exocet has a 105º off-axis engagement envelope and can perform one 15º change
in the course of its flight. Once the missile has cleared the launcher-container, the sustainer carries it into the cruise phase
which, in MM 38, can be up to 12 n miles (22 km). Data from the radio altimeter is correlated by the EOG with data from the
inertial unit to provide a stable flight profile. It travels towards the general location of the target at a height of about 100 m
which is low enough to reduce the chance of detection but adequate for target acquisition. At a range of 6.5 to 8 n miles (12 to
15 km) the ADAC seeker is activated. Once the target is detected the missile descends to 9 to 15 m in the approach phase
before descending to 8 m (2 to 5 m in a calm sea) for a sea-skimming terminal phase. A salvo may be fired in 12 to 20 seconds.
For submarine launch the VSM is ejected from the torpedo tube by a ram although the submarine was reported, in 1985, to
be restricted to a speed of 10 knots. A `cold' missile will take 2 minutes to launch but a `warmed' one will take only 1 minute,although in an emergency, launching can be achieved in 20 seconds. As the VSM is not buoyant it will slowly sink some 10 to
12 m from the submarine and during this period (lasting 1 to 2 seconds) the VSM conducts self-monitoring.
The rocket motor then ignites and burns for 10 to 12 seconds taking the VSM to a speed of about 20 m/s. If the VSM has
been launched at periscope depth it will continue to dive and then turn to the surface but when launched from greater depths it
will go directly to the surface where it will strike at an angle of 45º 150 to 200 m in front of the launch position. To protect the
submarine the VSM can manoeuvre underwater at up to 90º on either side of the launch direction with a turning radius of 100
m. Underwater manoeuvres are possible through electromagnetic deflectors in the rocket motor nozzle.
The underwater system can operate effectively in conditions to Sea State 6. As the VSM emerges a sensor informs it that it
has broken the surface and the capsule assumes an angle of about 12º as a small gas generator ejects the nosecone. When the
VSM is some 20 m above the surface another sensor retracts the sabot safety pins and activates the main gas generator which
ejects the missile; its wings unfold and the sabots are ejected. Within 2 to 3 seconds the missile's booster ignites and it acts
exactly like a ship-launched missile.
Operational status
Aerospatiale has produced or had orders for some 3,300 Exocets. Production of MM 38 was completed with the 1,260th unit
but production of MM 40 continues with Block 2 versions while Block 1 versions are being refitted with new rocket motors.
The SM 39 also remains in production but no figures are officially available although unofficial sources suggest some 150 will
be produced. They have been produced or ordered for the navies listed in Table 1 and the company anticipates Block 2
remaining in service until circa 2020. The Block 2 Mod 1 has completed development and is in production with deliveries in
2001.
Table 1
Country Class/Ship Type Missile Version Launchers/
Missiles
Data
System Search Radars
Argentina Type 42 DD MM 38 4/4 ADAWS Type 992
MEKO 360 DD MM 40 2/8 SEWACO ZW 06
MEKO 140 FF MM 38 2/4 SEWACO DA 05
Type A 69 FF MM 38 2/4 - DRBV 51
Bahrain Lürssen MGB 62 FAC MM 40 2/4 9LV200 Sea Giraffe
Lürssen TNC 45 FAC MM 40 2/4 9LV200 9GR600
Belgium `Wielingen' FF MM 38 2/4 SEWACO DA 05
Brazil `Niteroi' FF MM 40 2/4 CAAIS ZW 06
'Broadsword' (Type
22) Batch 1 FF MM 40/2 4/4 CAAIS Type 967/968
`Inhaúma' FC MM 40 2/4 CAAIS ASW 4
'Barroso' FC MM 40 2/4 Siconta II RAN-3
Brunei 'Brunei' FC MM 40/2 2/8 Nautis AWS-9
`Waspada' FAC MM 38 2/2 Kelvin
Hughes
Racal Decca TM
1629
Cameroon `P 48S' FAC MM 40 2/8 CANE Racal Decca 1226
Chile 1 `County' DD MM 38 4/4 SP 100 Type 992
`Leander' FF MM 40 2/4 SP 100 Type 992
'Tiger' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
Colombia FS 1500 FF MM 40 2/8 Tavitac Sea Tiger
Ecuador `Leander' FF MM 38 4/4 CAAIS Type 994
`Esmeraldas' FC MM 40 2/6 IPN RAN 10S
`Lürssen 45' FAC MM 38 4/4 Vega Triton
France² `L'Inflexible' SSBN SM 39 n/k n/k - 'Le Triomphant' SSBN SM 39 n/k n/k -
`Rubis' SSN SM 39 n/k SADE -
`Agosta' SSK SM 39 n/k DLA -
Jeanne d'Arc LHA MM 38 2/6 SENIT DRBV 50
`Georges Leygues' DD
D 640-1 MM 38 2/4 SENIT DRBV 51
D 642-3 MM 40 2/4 SENIT DRBV 51
D 644-6 MM 40 2/4 SENIT DRBV 15
`Cassard' DD MM 40 2/8 SENIT DRBV 26
`Suffren' DD MM 38 4/4 SENIT DRBV 15
`Tourville' DD MM 38 6/6 SENIT DRBV 51
`La Fayette' FF MM 40/2 2/8 TAVITAC DRBV 15
`Floréal' FF MM 38 2/2 - DRBV 21
Type A69 FF MM 38/40 2/4 Vega DRBV 51
Germany `Brandenburg' FF MM 38 2/4 SATIR SMART
`Albatros' FAC MM 38 2/4 AGIS WM 27
`Gepard' FAC MM 38 2/4 AGIS WM 27
`Tiger' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
Greece³ `Combattante II/IIA' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
`Combattante III' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
Super Vita' FAC MM 40/2 2/4 Tacticos n/k
Indonesia Ki Hajar Dewantara FF MM 38 4/4 SEWACO Racal Decca 1229
`Fatahillah' FF MM 38 2/4 SEWACO DA 05
`Dagger' FAC MM 38 2/4 NA-18 Racal Decca 1226
Korea,
South 4 `Po Hang' FC MM 38 2/2 SEWACO Marconi 1810
Kuwait TNC 45 Type FAC MM 40 2/4 9LV200 Racal Decca TM
1226
FPB 57 Type FAC MM 40 4/4 9LV200 Marconi 810
Malaysia `Lekiu' FF MM 40/2 2/8 Nautis Sea Giraffe 150
Type FS 1500 FC MM 38 2/4 SEWACO DA 08
`Spica-M' FAC MM 38 2/4 9LV200 9GR600
'Combattante II' FAC MM 38 2/2 Vega Racal Decca 616
Morocco `Modified
Descubierta' FF MM 38 2/4 SEWACO ZW 06
'Floreal' FF MM 38 2/4 n/k DRBV 21
`Lazaga' FAC MM 38 2/4 - ZW 06
Nigeria `Combattante IIIB' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
Oman 5 'Qahir' FC MM 40/2 2/8 Tacticos MW 08
`Province' FAC MM 40 2/8 9LV200 AWS 6
Pakistan `Agusta 90B' - SM 39 n/k SUBICS -Peru
`PR-72P' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega TritonQatar `Combattante III M' FAC MM 40 2/8 Vega Triton
'Barzan' FAC MM 40/2 2/8 Tacticos MRR
Saudi Arabia `La Fayette 3000' FF MM 40/2 2/8 Tavitac Sea Tiger
South Africa MEKO A200 FC MM 40/2 2/8 n/k n/k
Thailand `Ratcharit' FAC MM 38 2/4 WM 25 Racal Decca
Tunisia `Combattante III M' FAC MM 40 2/8 Tavitac Triton
Turkey Type A69 FF MM 38 2/4 Vega DRBV 51
UAE 6 Lürssen MGB 62 FC MM 40/2 2/4 9LV200 9GR600
Lürssen TNC 45 FAC MM 40 2/4 9LV200 Decca 1226
Modified Lürssen
TNC 38 FAC MM 40 4/4 9LV200 9GR600
UK `Broadsword' (Type
22) Batch 2 FF MM 38 4/4 CAAIS Type 967/968
Uruguay `Commandant
Rivière' FF MM 38 2/4 CTA DRBV22
Notes:
1 In the Chilean `Leander' class Ministro Zento has MM 38.
2 In the French `D'Estienne d'Orves' (Type A69) frigates most vessels have now received ITL and MM 40 but some
retain ITS and have two MM 38. The missile fit (some have none) depends upon deployment. Many French Navy
MM 40s are being upgraded to Block 2 standards.
3 In the Greek Navy `La Combattante III' class FACs, only P20-23 have Exocet. Greek coast defence forces have
Exocet MM 40 Block 2.
4 In the South Korean `Po Hang' class corvettes only Po Hang, Kun San, Kyong Ju and Mok Po have MM 38.
5 In the Omani `Province' class FACs, Dhofar has a Sea Archer fire-control system and AWS 4 radar.
6 The UAE has selected Exocet MM 40 Batch 2 for its next generation of OPVs.
The 'Broadsword' Batch 2 frigates are scheduled for disposal by the Royal Navy.
Specifications
MM 38 SM 39 MM 40 Block 1 MM 40 Block 2
Length 5.21 m 4.69 m 5.79 m 5.80 m
Diameter 0.35 m 0.35 m 0.35 m 0.35 m
Wing span 1.00 m 1.13 m 1.13 m 1.13 m
Weight 735 kg 670 kg 875 kg 870 kg
Speed Mach 0.9 Mach 0.9 Mach 0.9 Mach 0.9
Range 2-22.5 nm 2-27 nm 2-38 nm 2-40.5 nm
(4-42 km) (4-50 km) (4-70 km) (4-75 km)
Guidance: Inertial and active radar
Contractor
Aerospatiale Matra Missiles.
UPDATED
An Exocet MM 40 fired from a French `D'Estienne
d'Orves' class (Type A69) frigate
An Exocet MM 38 being launched. Unlike the MM 40 this does not have folding wings
A cutaway drawing of the Exocet SM 39 submarine-launched missile inside its VSM capsule
© 2001 Jane's Information Group E R Hooton