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JNWS RBS 15M

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SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, SWEDEN
Date Posted: 28 January 2002
Jane's Naval Weapon Systems 02
RBS 15M
Type
Medium-range anti-ship missile.
Development
Development of the RBS 15 began in the early 1970s to replace the Rb 08, a missile developed by Nord Aviation (later
Aerospatiale) from its CT-20 target drone (see Exocet). Domestic and foreign solutions were considered by the Swedish
Defence Matériel Administration (FMV) which considered the domestic RBS 15, an evolutionary development of the
air-launched Rb 04, as well as the US Harpoon (qv) during the late 1970s.
In July 1979, the FMV selected the RBS 15 and placed a SEK600 million development contract with Saab Bofors Missile
Corporation (SBMC) for whom Saab acted as prime contractor. The initial contract was for a ship-launched weapon but there
were options for air-launched and coast defence versions. In 1982, the FMV took up its option on the air-launched version
(RBS 15F).
The following year, Saab Missiles (now Saab Dynamics) was founded and this company subsequently assumed
responsibility for negotiating all contracts for the RBS 15, including a coast defence version (RBS 15K).
Development of the system was extremely rapid. Firing trials began in 1982 on board the `Norrköping' class fast attack craft
Piteå. Development was completed two years later and the RBS 15M became operational in 1985. In 1983, the ship-launched
version was ordered by Finland which, like Sweden, has also ordered the coast defence version.
The first naval production version was RBS 15M-1, which was succeeded first by the RBS 15M-2 (1985-1991) then the
RBS 15M-3 (and the coastal defence K version) between 1990 and 1995. Export versions were RBS 15B for Yugoslavia and
RBS 15SF-1 for Finland (SF-2 is the Finnish equivalent of RBS 15K). All of these were RBS 15 Mark 1 standard missiles but,
during the 1980s, development of an improved version, RBS Mark 2 or Mark II, had begun. On 21 April 1994, a SKr 500
million (US$865 million) development contract for Mark 2 was awarded to Saab and simultaneously it was announced that all
the Swedish Mark 1 missiles would be upgraded to Mark 2/Mark II standards. Development of Mark 2 was completed in
October 1997.
Simultaneously, a parallel programme was launched for a new-generation RBS 15 which Saab initially conducted as a
private venture. Development of this weapon system, RBS 15 Mark 3, is proceeding with live firings scheduled around the
New Year of 1997/1998 and verification of the weapon by 1999. Trials of the new seeker were conducted from August 1997 in
South Africa.
It will be available only as a new-build weapon although it is possible that elements of the new technology may be retrofitted
into older weapons. Submarine-launched land-attack versions were being considered by the Swedish Navy during the spring of
1997 with the manufacturers apparently conducting feasibility studies. The company developed a navigation system, imaging
infra-red seeker and automatic target recognition software for a version proposed to meet a British air-to-surface missile
requirement, but in July 1996, the Swedish Chief of Naval Staff stated there was no urgency to this requirement which might
not be introduced until 2010. However, in June 2000 Saab revealed plans for an RBS 15 Mark 3+ with a range in excess of 105
n miles (200 km) although an improved weapon is unlikely to appear for another five to 10 years.
On 24 September 1999, Saab Dynamics and Bodenseewerk Gerätetechnik (BGT) signed a memorandum of understanding in
which the RBS 15 Mark 3 would be marketed for the Germany's forthcoming K-130 corvette and F-125 frigate requirements.
BGT will have prime German work-share if the missile is selected for the Bundesmarine.
Description
The RBS 15 system consists of the missile, with its launcher-container, and the ship system. The missile is of cylindrical
cross-section with ogival nose. There are delta planform canards in cruciform configuration while the four folding wings are of
cropped delta shape. At the rear of the missile are two vertical boost-phase stabilisers. On top of the missile are two brackets
which are attached to the launcher-container guide rail, while on the underside is the air intake.
Internally the missile is divided, from front to rear, into guidance/electronics, warhead/fuel, and propulsion sections with a
detachable tailcone to which the stabilisers are attached. In the nose is the CelsiusTech (formerly Philips Elektronikindustrier
AB - PEAB) 9GR400 monopulse J-band (12 to 18 GHz) seeker. The broadband, frequency-agile radar with its digital
processing is claimed to provide a high ECCM performance. The seeker has two modes which may be selected by the operator;
active or active/passive lock on.
Behind the seeker is the autopilot and the electropneumatic actuation system, the FM-CW radar altimeter and the logic unit.
The logic unit acts as both the missile fire-control datalink and the test unit. It also activates the missile's pneumatic and
pyrotechnic systems. All these subsystems are provided by Saab Missiles.
The FFV 200 kg high-explosive blast fragmentation warhead and a tank of paraffin-based fuel occupy the centre section of
the missile and in the rear is the Microturbo TRI 60-2 Model 077 single-spool turbojet. This is pyrotechnically initiated and
features a three-stage axial compressor and a single-stage axial turbine. Attached to the missile are two 82 kg Atlantic Research
Corporation (ARC) solid composite propellant boosters which take the missile to its cruising speed. These boosters have 60 kg
of propellant which is cast in case.
The missile is installed in a Bofors-manufactured light alloy container weighing 750 kg empty (1,540 kg with a missile). The
container has two doors at each end and is 4.5 m long, 1 m wide and 1 m high. The missile launch rail is in the top right-hand
corner of the container so the missile is installed on its side at a 45º angle to the vertical. One or two missile containers,
inclined at an angle of 21º, are carried by the launcher support structure which is bolted to the deck. The structure is 4.93 m
long, 1.37 m wide and with two launcher-containers is 3.85 m high.
The ship system is operated by one man and consists of up to four launcher assemblies and eight missiles, control and
display panels, a computer, launcher switching units and power supply. The total weight of such a system, with eight missiles,
is approximately 14.6 t. The system receives data from ship sensors, the ship fire-control system or from external sensors on
land, sea or air. The data is displayed on a 56 × 60 × 25 cm fire-control panel to the operator and to the ship's commander on an
engagement course indicator. The fire-control panel and the computer are in the ship's combat information centre.
There are three modes of operation: test, simulation and combat. The combat mode has preparation and firing submodes with
the former offering automatic and/or manual selection of target data, missile readiness, tactical parameters and salvo numbers.
The tactical parameters' data includes seeker search pattern, target selection logic and trajectory. There is a separate selection of
the distance the missile will travel in the high-level cruise phase. Using this and other data, the system calculates missile
heading, seeker parameters, tactical boundaries and the time to the point when the missile will enter the low-level cruise phase.
The firing submode is initiated manually but the selected missiles are automatically activated and their container doors are
automatically opened. The system compensates for ship motion and ignites the boost motors which burn for approximately 3
seconds before being jettisoned. As the missile reaches its maximum altitude the turbojet is activated and the missile turns
towards the target, the maximum offset being about 90º. It then enters a predetermined high-level cruise phase, which allows it
to overfly islands, then descends to the low-level cruise phase.
At an appropriate distance from the target, the seeker is activated and the predetermined search pattern is adopted. Once the
seeker has locked on to the target the missile can then enter its terminal sea-skimming phase.
The versions of the Mark 1 missile differ only in minor improvements to the seeker and guidance systems, the M3 version
having extra guidance features but otherwise being interchangeable with the M2. Upgrading these weapons to Mark 2/Mark II
standard will mean further improvements to the seekers and guidance systems, a new fire-control system as well as new
missile/ship interfaces. The Mark 2 features a new multipurpose digital computer with increased processing power,
hardware/software enhancements to the seeker to improve both detection and ECCM performance and a new fire-control
system.
The Mark 3 missile will differ externally in having foldable wings, some shaping to reduce the radar cross-section and the
provision of two attachment lugs at the top of the missile. In addition, the former control surface arrangement of two fixed and
two mobile surfaces at the front will be replaced by four moving surfaces at the rear.
Internally there will be significant changes with fully digital autopilot, inertial measurement unit and a wave adaptive
altimeter all from Saab Dynamics, but it will retain the processor of the Mark 2. The hydraulic actuation system in the Mark 1
and Mark 2 will be replaced by an electrical type produced by FHL, and this will provide increased fuel capacity matching that
of the Mark 2. The seeker will also be enhanced and the missile will be capable of manoeuvres up to 8 g.
A major feature of the Mark 3 will be a new GEC Alsthom-designed launcher-container 4.42 m long, 1.2 m wide and 95 cm
high which differs from its predecessors in being of oval cross-section with the missile hanging from the top rather than the
side. A two-container launcher system will weigh approximately 1.5 t and will be 4.5 m long and 1 m wide.
The Mark 3 will feature a substantial increase in range to some 115 n miles (200 km) through the introduction of higher
energy JP-10 standard fuel and new multipurpose onboard processor with most of the functions software based to provide a
product improvement capability. The guidance system will include GPS mid-course update and it will provide flexible
trajectories together with a reattack capability. The high Ku-band (16 to 18 GHz) seeker will be able to select priority targets
when faced with multiple choices and in the terminal phase the missile will be able to fly a sea-skimming straight path of 3-D
manoeuvres with the seeker employing home-on-jam or chaff discrimination against `soft' kill defences. Saab is seeking to
develop a further enhanced seeker with Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) capabilities using frequency-modulated continuous
wave spread-spectrum technology with a few milliwatts of output power.
The shipborne system will feature a new fire-control system, the Missile Engagement Planning System (MEPS), using an
MMI based upon graphics with extensive operator support to assist prelaunch decision making. It is based upon a Sun SPARC
workstation and uses Ada language software with Windows. The MMI consists of a QWERTY keyboard and rollerball. The
operator will be able to set a large number of parameters including salvo size to adjust each missile's trajectory, seeker data and
terminal performance to a specific mission profile in the face of both hard and soft kill threats. The system will then present a
complete engagement plan which the operator can accept or modify. Up to eight missiles can be supported simultaneously. It is
likely that in the long term, new software packages will be produced to meet evolving threats and tactical requirements.
A submarine-launched RBS 15 Mark 3 may be considered by the Swedish Navy, but not until the second decade of the next
century. A submarine-launched land attack version would be launched from a swim-out launcher/container installed in a
special section added to the `Västergötland' class submarines. Saab is currently studying a Pre-Planned Product Improvement,
also designated Mark 3+, with extended range capable of both anti-ship and land-attack roles using a radar/infra-red sensor,
GPS receiver and terrain reference/inertial navigation system and aim-point selection.
A low-probability-of-intercept radar using frequency-modulated continuous wave spread-spectrum technology has already
been developed and tested, and the FMV had inaugurated a study into integrating this with an imaging IR sensor in the lower
part of a stepped nose. In addition, there have been tests to improve the angular resolution and target discrimination of the
seeker through synthetic aperture radar techniques including flying the missile through a turn of more than 20º for 1 to 2
seconds, which has been shown to boost seeker resolution by more than 100 per cent. Proposals considered earlier, and
possibly still under consideration, are a two-way datalink for updating targeting data, the addition of an ESM/ECCM facility,
which would analyse target emitters and jam weapon control radars, and a pre-penetrator warhead for hard targets.
Operational status
In production for Sweden and Finland. Warships using the RBS 15M are listed in the accompanying table.
Country Class Type Missile Launchers/ Weapon Search
type Missiles Control radar
Croatia `Kralj' FC B 4/8 9LV200 BT 502
`Koncar' FAC B 4/4 9LV200 Decca 1226
Finland 1 `Helsinki' FAC SF1 4/4 9LV200 9GR600
`Rauma' FAC SF1 4/8 9LV Mk 3 9GA208
Germany K-130 FC Mk 3 4/8 n/k TRS-3D
Poland² 'Orkan' FC Mk 3 n/k Tacticos n/k
Sweden `Stockholm' FC M2/3 4/8 9LV200 Giraffe 50
`Göteborg' FC M2/3 4/8 9LV Mk 3 Giraffe 150
`Norrköping' FAC M2/3 4/8 9LV200 Giraffe 50
Note: 1 The Finnish missiles are to be upgraded to SF 3 standard.
² RBS 15 Mk 3 has been selected for the upgrading of these corvettes but no orders have yet been placed.
Specifications
Length: 4.35 m
Diameter: 50 cm
Wing span: 1.4 m (unfolded)
Weight: 620/780 kg (without/with boosters); 630/800 kg (without/with boosters in Mk 3)
Speed: In excess of Mach 0.8
Range: In excess of 38 n miles (70 km) (110 n miles or 200 km in Mark 3)
Guidance: Inertial navigation and active radar (Mark 3 plus GPS mid-course update)
Contractor
Saab Bofors Dynamics AB.
UPDATED

Launch of RBS 15 missile from Swedish patrol boat
HSwMS Piteå

An RBS 15M is launched from Finnish FAC Oulu

A diagram showing the internal arrangements of the RBS 15M

A model of the launcher-container system for RBS 15 Mark 3