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13.11.2002 11:36:03
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Прочее; Современность;
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Теперь JNWS PENGUIN (RB 12)/NSM
3 Images
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, NORWAY
Date Posted: 28 January 2002
Jane's Naval Weapon Systems 02
PENGUIN (RB 12)/NSM
Type
Short-range/medium-range anti-ship missile.
Development
For much of its existence the Norwegian Navy has been largely a reserve force but, in the late 1950s, there was a move to
convert it into an active one. It was recognised that this would be expensive and by the time the decision was taken in 1960 to
adopt the standing fleet concept it had also been decided to rely upon small, fast and relatively cheap vessels with reliance upon
an anti-ship missile.
Development of the Penguin anti-ship missile began in 1961 with a request by the Royal Norwegian Navy to the Norwegian
Defence Research Institute for a feasibility study into a cheap, easy-to-operate system which could be fitted to warships under
100 t. The study began in 1962 and was completed in 1966 and development handed over to Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk A/S
(now Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace or KDA) which received funds from both the United States and West Germany. After
an astonishingly short development phase the Penguin Mark 1 missile entered service in 1970; initially in the new `Snögg' class
fast attack craft and later retrofitted into the `Oslo' class frigates and `Storm' class fast attack craft. It was sold to Turkey in
1971 where it was used to upgrade the `Kartal' class fast attack craft. This version of the missile remained in production until
1978 and was replaced in 1980 by the Mark 1 Mod 7. The break in the numerical sequence reflects proposed modifications
which were not implemented, although production versions usually have odd numbers.
In 1974, both the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and Kongsberg began an improvement programme under a
contract placed by both the Norwegian and Swedish defence ministries. This improved the seeker and processor as well as
introducing a new motor to increase range. Production of the new version, Penguin Mark 2 Mod 3, began in 1978 and it was
installed in the new Norwegian `Hauk' class fast attack craft. Sweden purchased the system, as Rb 12, and fitted it into the new
`Hugin' class fast attack craft the first ship of which was commissioned in July 1978. Greece also purchased the missile for
`La Combattante III' class fast attack craft built in Greek yards. The first of these, Simeoforos Kavaloudis, was commissioned
in July 1980.
The Mark 2 Mod 3 was evaluated by the US Navy in patrol boats, landing craft and hovercraft between 1977 and 1983, but
was not purchased. However, as a result of this evaluation, talks with the US Navy started in 1983 about a helicopter-launched
version of the missile. The initial project was based upon the Mark 2 Mod 3 but as the Mark 3 programme progressed and
successful firings were made, this version became the basis for the new helicopter-launched version which was designated
Mark 2 Mod 7. This has been in production since 1985 and has been purchased by the US Navy as AGM-119B and has also
been selected by the Australian, Greek, Spanish and Turkish Navies as Mark 2 Mod 7.
In 1980, development of an air-launched version of the Penguin, Mark 3 Mod 1, began for the Royal Norwegian Air Force
(RNoAF). This featured a new-generation seeker with enhanced capability in the fields of decoy and target recognition. It also
featured a new canard actuation system based upon a British Aerospace pneumatic/hydraulic design. It has a single-stage motor
with substantially longer burn time than earlier versions and this provides a range in excess of 30 n miles (55 km).
The new missile (also designated AGM-119A) entered service in 1989 with the RNoAF which uses it in F-16 Fighting
Falcon high-performance combat aircraft and production was completed in 1991. The Mark 3 seeker was retrofitted into
sea-launched Mark 2 missiles from 1986 and this version, Mark 2 Mod 5, is used by both the Norwegian and Swedish navies.
The helicopter-launched Mark 2 Mod 7 is also now fitted with the Mark 3 seeker and has been purchased by the US and
Spanish Navies for use from SH-60B, by the Greek and Turkish Navies for the S-70B and by the Royal Australian Navy for the
SH-2G. The Mark 2 Mod 7N is also offered for ship-launched applications. Penguin has also been offered as a coast defence
missile but this version has not entered service.
Upgrades of the Penguin system continue to be planned probably in the 2005-2010 time frame incorporating technology
developed for the NSM (Nytt Sjomalsmissil). Potential improvements include new seeker, guidance system processors, inertial
guidance and the introduction of electrical actuation with the decision depending upon progress in developing the new missile.
In the late 1980s, the Norwegian Navy began to consider a successor to Penguin as both a ship-launched and air-launched
weapon as well as for coast defence roles. A staff requirement SMP 6026 designated the Penguin successor as Nytt
Sjomalsmissil (New Sea Target Missile) or NSM and defined the requirement as retaining the electro-optic seeker solution but
with greater range (officially intermediate range but this was defined as a minimum of 100 km or 54 n miles) and incorporating
stealth technology. Kongsberg (at that time named Norsk Forsvarsteknologi or NFT but renamed Kongsberg Aerospace in
1995) had been conducting internal studies into a Penguin replacement since 1989 and considered incorporating some of the
technology of the older missile and in September 1991 the company received a definition contract for the missile. Given the
expense of developing a new missile and the sales limitations created by Norway's defence export regulations, Kongsberg
sought a partner to develop NSM. By January 1997, agreement between the company and Matra BAe Dynamics seemed close
and news reports as late as June actually suggested agreement had been reached. However, Kongsberg eventually selected
Aerospatiale Missiles (now Aerospatiale-Matra Missiles) as its partner signing a production/marketing agreement on 20 August
1997, the French company being largely responsible for the low observable and propulsion elements of the design as well as
joint marketing. On 3 May 2000 KDA, DaimlerChrysler Aerospace (Dasa) and TDW signed a co-operation agreement to
develop the NSM warhead and to market the weapon in Germany.
On 23 December 1996, a year later than expected, Kongsberg received a NKr 1.2 billion (US$158 million) contract to
develop NSM which has been selected for the new frigate to be built to staff requirement SMP 6088 as well as for the new
`Skjold' class FACs and it will replace Penguin in the updated 'Hauk' class FACs. Ballistic trials began in October 2000 and by
the autumn of 2001 development of the imaging infra-red seeker was almost complete and a contract for a warhead had been
placed. The engine and steering systems were to be tested early in 2002 in live firing trials scheduled for completion in 2003
ending with technical validation trials in 2004 by which time the missile is scheduled to enter service. In mid-2000, it was
revealed that Kongsberg and Aerospatiale-Matra had begun feasibility studies into an extended range 135 n miles (250 km)
version of the missile which would also be capable of land-attack roles.
Description
The Penguin system consists of the missile, a launching system and a control cabinet which interfaces with an existing
fire-control system. It may be installed in ships as small as 150 t. The system is compatible with most fire-control systems with
target detection, acquisition, tracking and designation achieved either through the ship's radar or by optical/electro-optical
means. A navigation radar may be used for this purpose.
Externally, Penguin is a uniform cylinder with a rounded nose and a slight taper at the tail end. The missile has a canard
aerodynamic surface arrangement with the surfaces arranged in an `X' shape cruciform configuration. The small, sweptback,
movable fins are at the nose while the larger sweptback wings are in the middle of the fuselage. In Mark 2 Mod 7 the wings
fold.
Internally, the missile is divided into guidance, warhead and motor sections. The guidance section features a mechanically
scanned infrared seeker with Motorola 68000-family processor, a BAE Systems' hot gas-operated actuation mechanism, a
three-gyro gimballed inertial platform with accelerometers, an autopilot, a radio altimeter and thermal batteries. The warhead is
a 125 kg semi-armour-piercing unit based upon that used in the Bullpup Mk 19 air-to-surface missile with 43 kg of explosive
and fitted with a delayed impact fuze. The warhead is now manufactured by the Australian company ADI.
The motor section is a two-stage unit with Nammo Raufoss A/S Ballistite extruded double-base propellant in a two-chamber
steel case, with the booster taking the missile out of its launch container and to the high subsonic speed which is maintained by
the sustainer.
The Mk 2 Mod 3 version features an improved IR seeker with incorporated integral cooling while microprocessors are
included to improve resistance to countermeasures as well as enhancing performance. The Mark 2 seekers in Norwegian and
Swedish missiles have been upgraded to Mod 5 standard. The Mod 7 seeker is a digital standard Mod 3. The inertial navigation
unit was modified to incorporate angled trajectories and the actuation system was also redesigned. The Mod 6 life extension
programme incorporates the Nammo Raufoss steel-cased, poured composite propellant, rocket motor used in the Mod 7. The
missile may be launched at a launch altitude to the target of ±180º.
The missile is mounted in a sealed launcher-container which weighs a total of 590 kg with the Mk 1 missile or 720 kg with
the Mk 2 missile. The launcher is of aluminium/PVC foam sandwich construction and has its own umbilical connections. The
box has a frangible composite cover at the rear while at the front there is an upward-hinging door which is raised to launch the
missile. From 2000, Kongsberg has offered a new launcher system for Mark 2 Mod 7N using a box-shaped launcher-container
which may be distributed around the ship with between one and four in each ship.
The shipboard control system consists of a control cabinet based upon a Kongsberg SM-3 computer, an operations panel
which is usually integrated into the fire-control system with console and bridge firing panel. Normally warships carry six
Penguins, the exceptions being the `Snögg' class (four) and the `Kartal' class (two to four). For Greek ships, a radar-based
fire-control system PFCS-2 was developed and this has been upgraded as Pils 2.6 (see MSI-80S/PFCS/Pils 2.6 entry).
When the target is acquired, the fire-control computer calculates the bearing to the predicted point of impact which is then
fed through the missile control system into the missile's inertial navigation system. In the Mark 2 the operator can select from a
set of shapes and sizes of the seeker field and programme the seeker to ignore some in order to target specific ships. The
launcher door is opened and the missile is launched. Further missiles may be fired at 5 s intervals.
The booster takes the missile clear of the ship and up to its cruising speed. The sustainer then maintains this speed as the
missile follows a preprogrammed course in the target's general direction, the radio altimeter keeping it at a height of 80 m. The
missile may fly a direct course to the target or make an indirect approach with one change of course and altitude in flight.
In the search mode, the seeker has two scanning options of varying width. Once the seeker acquires the target, it switches to
tracking mode for the terminal phase and guides the missile in such a way as to hit the target at a point close to the waterline.
NSM will feature a shaped body including composite and radar absorbing materials to reduce the radar signature. It will
have an air intake more than halfway down the body and under the fuselage, foldable wings and control fins in an X
configuration for enhanced manoeuvrability. The missile features disposable two 33 kg solid propellant rocket boosters and a
Microturbo TRI 40 turbojet which can operate with JP8 or JP10 fuel and has a thrust of 250-340 daN with specific fuel
consumption of <1.2 kg/daN/h. Guidance will be a mixture of inertial navigation incorporating altimeter for terrain correlation
and digitised mapping data. Global Positioning System (GPS) data may be used but no firm decision appears to have been
taken by the beginning of 1998. The missile includes a new imaging infra-red seeker in a stabilised nose compartment capable
of detecting objects and recognising targets in confined waters. It will have a long detection range, a wide field of view and it
will be able both to classify the target and select the optimum aiming point. The payload is a 120 kg semi-armour-piercing
warhead with intelligent programmable fuze, both developed by DASA/TDW (TDW is now part of EADS). The mission
planning/launching system will provide for salvo launches and will also be able to select a number of way points for indirect
approach or to exploit terrain in the fly-out phase. The terminal phase will include manoeuvres in two dimensions and
sea-skimming capability. The weapon will be stored upside down in a 710 kg launcher-container 4 m long, 81 cm high and 80
cm wide.
Operational status
KDA is continuing to develop NSM with a view to an in-service date of 2004.
The company states that it has produced 76 ship-launched Penguin systems, while unofficial estimates suggest that total
production of the ship-launched missile is between 850 and 900. Penguin remains in production and the ship-launched system
is in service with four navies (see table). The table also includes proposed NSM platforms.
Country Class Type Launchers/ Fire- Search
Missiles Control Radar
Penguin Mk System
Greece 1 `Combattante III' 1 FAC 6/6 Mk 2/3 Vega Racal Decca 1226
Norway 2 `Oslo' FF 6/6 Mk 2/6 2 MSI-3100 TM 1226
'Fritjof Nansen' FF NSM n/k n/k
`Hauk' FAC 6/6 Mk 2/6 MSI-80S TM 1226
'Skjold' FAC 8/8 NSM SENIT n/k
2000
Sweden `Hugin' FAC 6/6 Mk 2/6 9LV200 Skanter 009
Turkey `Kartal' FAC 4/4 Mk 1/7 - Racal Decca 1226
Notes: 1 Of the Greek `Combattante III' class P20-23 have Exocet and P24-29 have Penguin.
2 The alternative load for the Norwegian `Oslo' class is 4/4 Mk 2. The 'Hauk' class is scheduled to replace
Penguin with NSM circa 2004/2005.
Specifications
(Penguin)
Length: 3.02 m
Diameter: 28 cm
Span: 1.42 m
Launch weight: 330 kg (Mk 1); 340 kg (Mk 2); 385 kg (Mk 2/7)
Speed: M0.7 (Mk 1) or M0.8 (Mk 2)
Range: 1.5-10 n miles (2.5-18.5 km) (Mk 1); 1.5-14 n miles (2.5-27 km) (Mk 2); 17 n miles (32 km) (Mk 2/7)
Guidance: Inertial and passive IR
(NSM)
Length: 3.95 m
Diameter: 69 cm
Span: 1.4 m
Launch weight: 412 kg (347 kg without boosters)
Speed: High subsonic
Range: 65 n miles (120 km)
Guidance: Inertial and passive IR
Contractor
Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS.
UPDATED
A Penguin missile in its launch container
A Penguin missile
The launch of a Penguin missile
© 2002 Jane's Information Group E R Hooton