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13.11.2002 10:58:47
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Прочее; Современность;
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2 Олег Радько PENGUIN 1/2/3 (AGM-119)
4 Images
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS, NORWAY
Date Posted: 12 August 2002
Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems 38
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PENGUIN 1/2/3 (AGM-119)
Type
Short-range, ship-, land- or air-launched solid-propellant, single warhead, anti-ship missiles.
Development
The Penguin 1 anti-ship missile was developed in order to meet the requirement of the Royal Norwegian Navy for an anti-invasion weapon system for small ships operating in coastal waters. Development took place during the years 1961-1970, as a joint effort by the Navy, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (NDRE) and Norsk Forsvarsteknologi A/S (NFT) (now Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace). In 1972, the missile completed its tactical/operational evaluation and the Penguin Mk 1 missile system became operational on the `Storm' and `Snögg' class Fast Attack Craft (FAC). In 1974, a new development programme was started under contract from the Royal Norwegian and Royal Swedish navies. The purpose of this programme was to increase the missile's range and incorporate some further improvements. This programme was completed in 1979, and the missile system entered production designated Penguin Mk 2.
In 1980, NFT (now Kongsberg) was awarded a contract to develop, in co-operation with the NDRE, a modified Penguin Mk 2 missile for use as an anti-ship weapon system for the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNOAF) F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft. The new missile, designated Penguin Mk 3, was designed to be air launched from a standard AGM-12 Bullpup pylon. Penguin Mk 3 does not have the tandem boost motor fitted to the Mk 2 ship- and helicopter-launched missiles. Initial captive carry flights were carried out using F-104G aircraft and the first Norwegian air launch of a Penguin Mk 3 took place in 1985. In 1986, a US Air Force (USAF) F-16 launched the first of a number of Penguin Mk 3 missiles, which now had the US designation AGM-119A. These USAF tests were part of the system integration evaluation under a Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and USA sponsored F-16A/B Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU) programme.
Penguin Mk 3 entered service with the RNOAF in 1989 for use on the centre wing pylon of the F-16 Fighting Falcon.
Although helicopter launching of the Penguin Mk 2 was considered by a Norwegian feasibility study as early as 1981, US Navy interest became the driving force behind the new missile version, designated Mk 2 Mod 7 and later AGM-119B. The United States Navy (USN) began to assess its requirement for a helicopter-launched anti-ship missile in 1983 and, in 1984, it concluded that Penguin could be adapted for use on the SH-60B Sea Hawk for the USN LAMPS III programme. Tests carried out in 1986 showed that the missile could be carried for air-to-surface roles, without reducing the SH-60B's effectiveness in its prime ASW role. The Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 retains the Mk 2 tandem booster motor, incorporates several of the improvements introduced in the Mk 3 variant and the folding-wings allow up to four weapons to be carried (two on either side of the helicopter).
In 1986, an agreement was signed between Grumman (now Northrop Grumman) and NFT (now Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace) to develop jointly the Mk 2 Mod 7 missile and SH-60B Seahawk modifications. In 1989, a USN advanced acquisition contract was placed for a first series production batch of Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles and associated equipment. In 1991, it was reported that the system integration programme had been concluded and that both technical evaluation and operational evaluation had been successfully completed. As well as being cleared for use from the SH-60B Seahawk, the Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 has also been cleared for carriage on the Westland Super Lynx, SH-2G Seasprite and S-70B helicopters. Flight tests started in 2000 to clear the missile for use on Australian SH-2G(A) Super Seasprite helicopters, to be used from Anzac (MEKO 200) class frigates. In 2000, ADI in Australia completed the development and started to manufacture a new insensitive munition warhead for the Penguin Mk 2 missiles, to improve safety during their storage on ships. The Mk 2 Mod 7 missile has also been adapted for tube-launching from ships and coastal defence batteries.
Penguin Mk 2 missiles have been fitted to `Oslo' class frigates and to `Storm', `Hawk', `La Combattante III', `Kartal', `Snogg', `Hugin' and `Norrköping' class fast attack craft.
Reports since 1990 have indicated that design studies have been made for a Penguin Mk 4 missile with increased range and, in 1994, this was renamed the Nytt Sjömals Missil (NSM). Further details of the NSM programme can be found in the Unclassified Projects section, under International programmes. In 1998, Kongsberg proposed a new IIR seeker for Penguin missiles, believed to be based on the seeker selected for the NSM programme.
Description
The Penguin Mk 2, ship-launched, anti-ship missile system consists of the missile in its box launcher/transport container, missile control cabinet, operational panel, bridge firing panel and safety-arming unit. The missile is a short-range, inertial and IR-guided weapon powered by a solid-propellant motor system and armed with an HE Semi-Armour-Piercing (SAP) warhead. It has a cylindrical body with a tapered nose section that has a rounded glass dome nose and four swept canard control fins. Just aft of mid-body are four in-line, rounded, leading-edge delta wings with ailerons for roll stabilisation. The Penguin missile is made up of three major assemblies. A nose section that contains the target seeker, digital autopilot, control system, altimeter and inertial navigation unit. A centre section that contains the 120 kg Bullpup Mk 19 SAP warhead with a charge of 50 kg High Explosive (HE), delayed impact fuze and safety and arming devices. A rear section that contains the solid-propellant sustainer motor. Before launch, the missile is fitted with a tandem booster motor, which is jettisoned in flight when the missile has reached cruising speed. At launch, the Penguin Mk 2 missile is 2.96 m long, has a body diameter of 0.28 m, a wing span of 1.4 m and weighs 385 kg. Guidance in the mid-course phase is by inertial navigation which guides the missile towards the computed target intercept point, either along a straight course, or following a right or left turn dog-leg trajectory. The navigation system also corrects for ship movement at the instant of launch, aim-offs up to plus or minus 50º and any cross-wind components that may be encountered during the mid-course flight. Level flight at an altitude of 80 m is maintained by inertial platform, being updated by a pulsed laser altimeter. The terminal phase is controlled by a mechanically scanning passive infra-red seeker. This has the capability of autonomously searching the area ahead of the missile, acquiring and classifying the target and changing from the search to the track mode.
The original Norwegian fire-control unit for the Penguin shipborne system was the MSI-80S. This combined twin Decca TM1226 radars, a GEC-Marconi low-light TV camera tracker, laser range-finder, IR scanner and Electronic Warfare (EW) sensors. A modified version of the MSI-80S was developed for US application known as the Penguin Missile Control System (MCS). This unit is believed to differ from the original in the replacement of some components, such as the radar, speed log and compass with equivalent American units and the substitution of a mini-FLIR (Forward-Looking Infra-Red) thermal imager for the TV camera. For Royal Swedish Navy service, Penguin is interfaced with a PEAB 9V200 Mk 2 fire-control system and the Greek Navy operates the system in conjunction with a Thompson-CSF (now Thales) Vega 2 Fire-Control System.
The missile, in its sealed container, is placed on a special ramped deck mounting and connected by an umbilical cord to the missile control cabinet, operation panel, bridge firing panel and safety-arming unit. The Penguin weapon system will normally be operated from the operator's panel, which may be integrated in the ship's fire-control system. At the operation panel the operator can select, start and check the missile, select single or salvo firing, straight or dog-leg trajectories and so on. Once launched, the missile is carried clear of the ship by the booster motor, accelerated to its cruise speed of M0.9 and flies towards the target area at an altitude of 80 m. When the missile approaches the target area, the seeker is activated and commences to search a strip of the sea surface ahead of the missile. When the seeker has detected an object that satisfies the decision criteria, it automatically changes to its track-while-scan mode for the terminal guidance. The seeker will then guide the missile to an impact point close to the target waterline. The all-digital signal processing simplifies discrimination between decoys and real targets, giving the seeker a high resistance against IR countermeasures both in search and track mode. The weapon operator can also select and attack a specific ship within a formation. The Penguin Mk 2 Surface-to-Surface Missile (SSM) is credited with a maximum effective range of 30 km.
The Penguin Mk 3 (AGM-119A) air-launched variant is basically a modified Mk 2. It has slightly smaller fixed wings, a larger sustainer motor and because it is launched from fixed-wing aircraft does not require a booster motor. The Mk 3 is 3.2 m long, has a body diameter of 0.28 m, a wingspan of 1.0 m and weighs 370 kg. This version has a larger 130 kg high explosive and semi-armour-piercing warhead. Once launched, the missile descends to its cruise altitude and operates in the same manner as the ship-launched version. The Penguin Mk 3 has an operational range of 55 km.
The Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 (AGM-119B) is an updated Mk 2 for use from helicopters and, as such, requires a booster motor. The other major difference is the use of folding wings in order to provide the necessary clearance for helicopter carriage. The Mk 2 Mod 7 is 3.0 m long, has a body diameter of 0.28 m and weighs 385 kg. It has a folded wingspan of 0.56 m and an in-flight span of 1.4 m. Once launched, the missile operates in the same manner as the other variants and is credited with a maximum range of 35 km. The Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 has also been adapted for use from ships and coastal batteries and, because of its folded-wing arrangement, smaller diameter launch tubes and multiple canister launchers can be used.
Operational status
Penguin Mk 1 missiles entered service on Royal Norwegian Navy and Turkish Navy fast attack craft in 1972. The improved ship- or coastal-launched Mk 2 version entered service in 1979. In 1990, it was reported that the ship-launched Penguin system was in operation with four navies on approximately 80 vessels. These include; Greece, Norway, Sweden and Turkey. Except for the Mk 1s used in the Turkish Navy and a few found on older Norwegian vessels, most of the original Mk 1 missiles have been brought up to Mk 2 standard. However, a test programme in 1994 indicated that some older missiles were unreliable and it is believed that the Mk 1s have been removed from service. An agreement in 1997 provided for a service life extension of the Penguin Mk 2 Mod 5 standard missiles in service with the Royal Norwegian Navy until 2015. Development of the Penguin Mk 3 (AGM-119A) began in 1979 and entered service with the RNOAF in 1989. The USAF test fired seven AGM-119A missiles in 1988 from F-16 aircraft. It is believed that 150 Penguin Mk 3 missiles were built.
The Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 (AGM-119B) helicopter version was to have been used by the USN's LAMPS III programme, but reports in 1994 indicated that the USN had only bought 101 of the planned 193 Penguin missiles and had cancelled its last two options under the 1990 contract. It is believed that a second order for 90 missiles was placed in 1996. Several AGM-119 B missiles were fired from US Navy SH-60B Seahawk helicopters against a ship target in August 1998. Greece ordered Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles for use from its S-70B helicopters in 1993 and added a second order in 1996. Australia selected Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles to arm its SH-2G(A) Super Seasprite helicopters in 1997, with an initial order for 44 missiles. These missiles started delivery in October 2001. Unconfirmed reports suggest that Singapore and Turkey have evaluated Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 and Mk 3 missiles for further export orders, and that an order for Turkey to purchase 40 missiles to arm their S-70B Seahawk helicopters was reconfirmed in 1998. However, in November 1999 it was reported that the Turkish order had been cancelled again. It is believed that Spain will order some Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles in 2000, for use by its SH-70L Seahawk helicopters on four F-100 frigates, which are due to enter service in 2003. Spain is also expected to order some Mk 3 missiles for use from its AV-8B Harrier II aircraft. In July 2000, Greece tested four Mk 2 Mod 3 missiles launched from a Laskos (Combattante III) FAC against ship targets, and one Mk 2 Mod 7 launched from a S-70B helicopter.
Specifications
Penguin Mk 2
Penguin Mk 2
Penguin Mk 3
SSM version
helicopter Mod 7
Aircraft ASM version
ASM version
Length
2.96 m
3.0 m
3.2 m
Body diameter
0.28 m
0.28 m
0.28 m
Launch weight
385 kg
385 kg
370 kg
Payload
Single warhead
Single warhead
Single warhead
Warhead
120 kg HE/SAP
120 kg HE/SAP
130 kg HE/SAP
Guidance
Inertial and passive IR
Inertial and passive IR
Inertial and passive IR
Propulsion
Solid propellant
Solid propellant
Solid propellant
Range
30 km
35 km
55 km
Accuracy
n/k
n/k
n/k
Contractor
Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace, Kongsberg (prime contractor).
The Royal Norwegian Navy fast patrol boat `Traust' with six Penguin Mk 2 launch units
F-16 Fighting Falcon of the Royal Norwegian Air Force fitted with AGM-119A Penguin Mk 3 anti-ship missiles (NFT)
AGM-119B Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 on display at 1991 Paris Air Show (Peter Humphris)
Line diagrams of Penguin Mk 3 (AGM-119A) (above) and Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 (AGM-119B) (below)
UPDATED
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© 2002 Jane's Information Group Duncan Lennox