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12.11.2002 14:37:08
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для примера статья про SS-N-12 `Sandbox' (P-500/4K80 Bazalt)
2 Images
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 11 September 2002
Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems 38
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SS-N-12 `Sandbox' (P-500/4K80 Bazalt)
Type
Intermediate-range, ship- and submarine-launched, turbojet-powered, single-warhead surface-to-surface missile.
Development
The SS-N-12 `Sandbox' is considered to be a second-generation anti-ship cruise missile system, following on from the first-generation SS-N-3 `Shaddock' and `Sepal' systems. The missile has the Russian designators P-500 and 4M80, and the system has the designator 4K80 Bazalt. Development started in 1963, with the first test flight in 1969, and the missile entered service in 1975. SS-N-12 was an upgraded `Sepal' (P-35) with small external changes, notably with the engine air inlet moved forward towards the wing leading edge. An improved SS-N-12 version entered service in 1983, and the SS-N-12 was replaced by the third-generation system, SS-N-19 `Shipwreck'. `Sandbox' was fitted to the single `Modified Kiev' class Admiral Gorshkov carrier with 12 launch canisters, in the `Slava' class guided missile cruisers with 16 launchers, in `Echo 2' class submarines with eight launchers and in `Juliett' class submarines with four launchers.
Description
It is believed that the SS-N-12 missile is an upgraded SS-N-3, with some external and internal improvements. The missile is 11.7 m long, has a body diameter of 0.88 m, an extended wingspan of 2.6 m, and a weight of 4,800 to 5,000 kg at launch. Some reports suggested that the missile has command mid-course guidance, followed by active radar terminal guidance; however, it is believed that the mid-course guidance is inertial with optional command updates. The missile can use its active radar at high altitude to detect the target, then switch the radar off and descend to low level, making a final search for the target late in the terminal phase. Tu-95 `Bear-D', Ka-25 `Hormone' and Ka-27 `Helix' could be expected to provide command updates, in a similar way to their use with the earlier SS-N-3 `Shaddock' systems. SS-N-12 'Sandbox' has a solid propellant booster motor located under the rear body, which is jettisoned after use. A KR17-300 turbojet engine is used for the rest of the flight. The missile can cruise at high level, between 10 and 15 km altitude, when it has a maximum speed of M2.5. At low level the missile cruises at M0.8, and for the terminal phase the missile descends to an altitude of 50 m and then dives down onto the target. The missile payload is believed to be around 1,000 kg, with 350 kT nuclear or conventional High Explosive (HE) warheads. The `Sandbox' missile is reported to have a range of 550 km, and to be capable of either high or low altitude cruise profiles. An accuracy of 300 to 700 m CEP has been reported.
The `Front Door' engagement radars operate in S-band (3 to 4 GHz) and there are three basic versions in service, `Front Door A, B and C'. `Front Door A' is fitted to the `Echo' class submarines and is similar to the radar used for SS-N-3C `Shaddock' missiles. `Front Door B' is fitted to the `Kiev' class and is housed on the underside of a 5 × 3 m casing, which is raised to the upright position when required for use. `Front Door C', originally called `Trap Door', is fitted to the `Slava' class and is mounted high on the front of the main structure just below the `Top Steer' 3-D surveillance radar antenna. `Front Door C' has a rectangular mesh antenna, with a horn feed at the top. It is believed that the 'Front Door' radars track the missiles in flight, and are used to provide mid-course updates to the missiles.
Operational status
SS-N-12 `Sandbox' missiles are believed to have entered service in 1975, and some 400 missiles remained in service in 1991. It is known that the `Modified Kiev' carrier had reload missiles on board, believed to be two reloads for each launcher, making a total of 36 missiles. In 1991, there were 14 `Echo 2', 15 `Juliett' submarines, four `Kiev' and `Modified Kiev' class aircraft carriers, and three `Slava' class cruisers in service; all believed to be carrying SS-N-12 `Sandbox' missiles. By the end of 1995, these numbers had reduced to three `Echo 2', one `Juliett' submarine, one `modified Kiev' aircraft carrier and three `Slava' cruisers; as a result it is believed that the number of SS-N-12 missiles remaining operational had reduced to around 150. By early 2000 there were just three 'Slava' class cruisers in service with SS-N-12 missiles, with around 50 missiles still operational in the Russian Federation. SS-N-12 missiles are not fitted to Ukrainian ships, but a fourth 'Slava' class cruiser is being completed for Ukraine and this may be fitted with SS-N-12 missiles.
Specifications
Length: 11.7 m
Body diameter: 0.88 m
Launch weight: 4,800 to 5,000 kg
Payload: Single warhead; 1,000 kg
Warhead: 350 kT nuclear or conventional HE
Guidance: Inertial with command updates and active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant boost and turbojet
Range: 550 km
Accuracy: 300 to 700 m CEP
Associated radars
Surveillance radar: `Top Steer' 3D
Frequency: 1-3 GHz (L-band)
Range: n/k
Engagement radar: `Front Door'
Frequency: 3-4 GHz (S-band)
Range: 55 km
Contractor
It is believed that SS-N-12 `Sandbox' was designed by the Chelomei Design Bureau, and is now supported by KBM at Kolomna.
UPDATED
A Russian `Slava' class guided missile cruiser with 16 SS-N-12 `Sandbox' missile launch canisters. The `Top Steer' surveillance radar antenna can be seen on top of the foremast structure, with `Front Door' below on the bow face of the structure
A line diagram of an SS-N-12 missile
(2002)
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© 2002 Jane's Information Group Duncan Lennox
