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Рубрики WWII; Версия для печати

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Вот некоторые детали захвата поляками Тешина в 1938 году. Не только судетские немцы, но и
чешские поляки выступили тогда с резкими требованиями. А в сентябре-октябре уже и сама Польша
выступила за пересмотр границ, заявив, что в случае передачи Германии Судет, Польше должно
достаться Заольже. Президент Чехословакии Бенеш согласился с этими требованиями, однако
польское правительство, которое в преддверии выборов нуждалось в небольшом всплеске
патриотизма, прибегло к уже упоминавшемуся ультиматуму. Чехи ультиматум приняли, и уже через
сутки после истечения его срока войска оперативной группы “Силезия” генерала Бортновского заняли
территорию Заольжя, которая составляет 801 квадратный километр/население - 227 тысяч/.

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**.05.1938 правительство Польши сосредоточило в районе Тешина несколько соединений (три дивизии и одну бригаду пограничных войск).
20.09.1938 на переговорах Гитлера и польского посла в Берлине Гитлер обещал, что в случае конфликта Польши и Чехословакии из-за тешинской области рейх встанет на сторону Польши, что за линией германских интересов у Польши совершенно свободные руки, что он видит решение еврейской проблемы путем эмиграции в колонии в согласии с Польшей, Венгрией и Румынией.
22.09.1938 польское правительство экстренно сообщило о денонсировании польско-чехословацкого договора о национальных меньшинствах, а через несколько часов объявило Чехословакии ультиматум о присоединении к Польше земель с польским населением.
23.09.1938 советское правительство предупредило польское правительство, что в случае, если польские войска, сконцентрированные на границе с Чехословакией, вторгнутся в ее пределы, то СССР будет считать это актом не вызванной агрессии и денонсирует пакт о ненападении с Польшей. Вечером этого же дня последовал ответ польского правительства. Тон его был по обыкновению заносчив. Оно объясняло, что проводит некоторые военные мероприятия лишь в целях обороны.
1.10.1938 Польша в ультимативной форме выдвинула требование к Чехословакии о передаче ей Тешинской области.
2.10.1938 Польша оккупировала Тешинскую Силезию (район Тешен - Фриштат - Богумин) и некоторые населенные пункты на территории современной Словакии.

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Polish Foreign Policy in 1938.



Why did Poland demand and then take part of western Teschen Silesia from the Czechs? We should bear in mind that this area - known in Polish as "Zaolzie," or beyond the Olza river - had a preponderantly Polish population. Nevertheless, the Czechs had seized it by force in January 1919. Negotiations failed and in late July 1920 -- when it looked as if Warsaw would fall to the Bolsheviks -- the western powers agreed to award the area to Czechoslovakia in return for Benes's promise to persuade Czech railwaymen to allow war supplies to transit his country to Poland. He did not keep his promise.



Polish public opinion always resented the Czech seizure of Teschen Silesia and this feeling was exacerbated by official Czech pressure on the Polish population to assimilate, for e.g. to send their children to Czech schools - or lose their jobs. All Polish attempts to reach a negotiated solution failed because the Czechoslovak government and Czech public opinion believed this coal-rich area (anthracite=coking coal) with its steel mills must stay in Czechoslovakia. As far as Poland was concerned, not only the Polish government but also the opposition parties and the vast majority of Polish opinion believed the area should return to Poland. In fact, in spring 1938, the opposition parties offered an alliance to Prague when they came to power - but only if the Czechs returned the region to Poland. There was no reply.



The Polish government, for its part, did not expect the French and British to fight for Czechoslovakia, but if they did, it held that Poland could not be on Germany's side in a European war. On September 23rd, when Chamberlain was meeting with Hitler at Bad Godesberg, the Poles learned of German plans to annex the area. Therefore, they warned Hitler of their claim and the Polish General Staff formed a small expeditionary corps on the Polish side of the border, ready to march into Zaolzie if the Western powers abandoned the Czechs.



As noted above, the Soviets threatened to abrogate the Polish-Soviet nonaggression pact if the Poles crossed the Czechoslovak border. The Poles replied they knew their treaty obligations and did not need the Soviets to tell them what they were. Finally, when France and Britain failed to consult Poland and signed the Munich Agreement of September 30th, it did not include a settlement of Polish demands -or Hungarian ones for Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia either. Twelve hours after the Czechoslovak government accepted the Munich terms,Warsaw issued an ultimatum to Prague and, on its acceptance, moved troops into westerm Teschen Silesia on October 1, 1938. The Soviets did not carry out their threat to abrogate the nonaggession pact and Polish-Soviet relations were normalized at the end of November 1938.



Contrary to Western opinion, the Polish government did not act in collusion with Hitler. Although Hitler decided to support Polish and Hungarian demands for his own purposes, he did not insist that they be embodied in the Munich Agreement. The Polish government, for its part, did not want to receive the area it claimed as a gift from Hitler. It also believed, rightly as it turned out, that post-Munich Czechoslovakia would soon fall under German domination, so it wanted to prevent the preponderantly Polish population in western Teschen Silesia, and the areas industrial wealth, from falling to Germany.



The Polish action was roundly condemned as "a stab in the back," both by the western powers, who had sold out Czechoslovakia to Hitler, and by the Soviets, who did not want to risk a war with him over that country. As mentioned earlier, however, the Poles would not fight on Germany's side in a European war. Indeed, the Polish government hinted more than once to London, that they would be on the Anglo-French side in such a war, but received no encouragement. After the Munich agreement, there were solid reasons for the Polish ultimatum and annexation of part of western Teschen Silesia. Nevertheless, it is clear that it would have been much better for Poland's reputation and future Polish-Czechoslovak relations, if the Polish government had accepted the last minute Czech offer to work for a negotiatiated solution - even if this were to be abrogated by Hitler's annexation of the rest of Czechoslovakia, which took place in March 1939. (12).