|
|
От
|
Venik
|
|
|
К
|
Artur Zinatullin
|
|
|
Дата
|
25.03.2002 19:17:03
|
|
|
Рубрики
|
Современность; Танки;
|
|
Re: Новости с...
Мое почтение!
PT-91 MBT
Development
The PT-91 MBT, which is also referred to as the Twardy (Hard), is a further development by the Zaklady Mechaniczne Bumar-Labedy SA version of the Russian-designed T-72M1 (covered in detail in a separate entry) which has been produced under licence in Poland for many years.
The first prototype of the PT-91 was completed late in 1992 and underwent trials with the Polish Army.
It was originally understood that 78 PT-91 series MBTs were built but recent information has stated that a total of 226 were built, although some of these could have been conversions of older T-71M1 series MBTs. The manufacturer has the capability to build up to 30 PT-91 MBTs a year. Although the production line is now closed it could be restarted again if significant orders were placed.
In addition to offering new build PT-91 MBTs, Poland is also offering to upgrade users' existing T-72M1 MBTs to the PT-91 standard with the aid of kits.
Description
The PT-91 MBT has a number of improvements over the earlier T-72M1 in the key areas of armour, mobility and firepower. In addition to producing new vehicles to the PT-91 standard, most of these modifications can be backfitted to existing T-72M1s while others, for example the armour package, can be backfitted to other vehicles.
The main improvements of the PT-91 over the original Polish-built T-72M1 can be summarised as follows:
Installation of the Polish-developed explosive reactive armour Type ERAWA-1 and ERAWA-2 to the hull and turret, details of this are given in the entry for the Polish T-72M1 MBT
Four laser warning antennas are fitted around the turret which alerts the crew if it is being targeted by a laser range-finder or designator. This system is known as the OBRA laser warning system and works in automatic and manual modes. The OBRA laser warning system was developed and produced by the Polish company PCO.
Mounted either side of the turret are 12 Tellur smoke grenade dischargers which cover the frontal arc of the vehicle. These are operated in conjunction with the OBRA laser warning system
The skirts are steel with the forward part covered by ERAWA-1 explosive reactive armour blocks
New computerised fire-control system installed, with the gunner's passive image intensification sight having the option of being changed for a Drawa thermal sight. A laser range-finder is fitted as standard and the 125 mm smoothbore main armament is stabilised in both elevation and traverse. The fire-control system has been developed by PCO of Poland.
The commander (POD-72) and driver (PNK-72) have new passive night observation devices
Improved NBC protection system
Installation of hull escape hatch
Driver's seat now provides some protection against mines
The standard T-72M1 MBT 12-cylinder water-cooled supercharged diesel develops 760 hp but for the PT-91 this has been uprated to 850 hp and the cooling system improved. In 1994 it was stated that a 1,000 hp 12-cylinder water-cooled supercharged engine was being tested
The engine and crew compartment have been fitted with a more modern fire detection and suppression system
Tracks are fitted with rubber pads which reduce surface noise as well as improving traction on roads
New communications system installed
The Polish developed rocket-propelled mineclearing system Type PW-LWD can be installed on the rear of the hull.
In addition, the manufacturer also states that parts of the hull of the PT-91 can be fitted with radar-absorbent material.
Recent photographs of the PT-91 released by the manufacturer show a number of differences from the original photographs shown in Jane's Armour and Artillery 1994-95.
The latest vehicle has a higher pole-type met sensor mounted on the left side of the turret roof while the commander's cupola has been redesigned and has a periscopic sight to the front. This may well be stabilised and allows the tank commander full 360є observation without moving his head.
If required the PT-91 can be fitted with the LIW division of Denel Tiger computerised fire-control system which has already been successfully demonstrated in the Polish T-71M1Z MBT, covered in a separate entry.
Enhanced PT-91 for export
Zaklady Mechaniczne Bumar Labedy have developed for the export market an enhanced version of their PT-91 MBT, that is currently in service with the Polish Army.
The original locally produced T-72M1 was powered by a 760 hp 12-cylinder diesel, but the PT-91 is powered by a locally produced 860 hp diesel which gives a power-to-weight ratio of 18.76 hp/tonne. The latest export version of the PT-91 has a computerised fire-control/sighting system and a more powerful engine.
The former is the French SAGEM SAVAN-15 system which is a member of a complete family of computerised fire-control systems, marketed under the Stabilised Aiming Vertical sensing and Navigation (SAVAN) gunner's multichannel stabilised sights.
The SAVAN 20 system is installed in the Giat Industries Leclerc MBT, while the SAVAN 10 is fitted with the British Army's Vickers Defence Systems Challenger 2 MBT.
The tank commander has the SAGEM VIGY 15 stabilised commander's periscope sight, while the gunner has a stabilised day/thermal sighting system incorporating a laser range-finder. This new fire-control system gives the PT-91 the ability to engage stationary and moving targets with a high first-round-hit probability under almost all-weather conditions.
The vehicle is fitted with the locally developed WOLA S-1000 four-stroke turbocharged and after-cooled water-cooled diesel engine developing 1,000 hp at 2,000 rpm. This has already completed some 2,000 km of extensive reliability trials.
Improvements have also been made to the transmission system as well as other detailed upgrades. These include the installation of Diehl Type 840 I tracks that meet western standards and new RPC 9500 communications equipment. Cross-country mobility is improved by the installation of Elastomeric bumpers.
One potential customer for this upgraded PT-91 MBT could be Malaysia. The earlier T-72M1Z-fitted with a South African Denel Tiger fire-control system, was demonstrated several years ago with no sales being made. The Polish company is now concentrating marketing of the latest PT-91 with the French SAGEM system for this and other markets.
This latest PT-91 is regarded as a stepping stone to yet another version Phase C, or PT-91/120 which would feature a NATO calibre 120 mm smoothbore gun. The current PT-91 has a 125 mm smoothbore gun fed by an automatic loader, which first loads the projectile and then the charge.
The NATO 120 mm smoothbore gun fires one-piece ammunition which is loaded manually. The only company to have built a 120 mm automatic loader for this type of ammunition is Giat Industries of France for their Leclerc MBT, of which, over 500 have been built for the home and export market.
Future Polish MBT Fleet
Early in 2002, it was stated that Poland expected to lease 124 ex-German Army Leopard 2 A4 MBTs. This was parallel with a programme to upgrade at least part of their existing T-72 series fleet, to achieve greater interoperability with Poland's NATO allies.
In 2001, Poland withdrew from service 815 T-55A/T-55AM MBTs. This left the Polish Army with 662 T-72 MBTs of which 287 were T-72M/M1D and 226 PT-91 series.
It is expected that by 2006 to 2008 the Polish MBT fleet will consist of about 400 vehicles which is expected to include the 124 German Leopard 2A4s, plus some upgraded T-72/PT-91 series vehicles. The upgrade could well include the installation of a 120 mm smoothbore gun.
A number of Polish companies have submitted proposals for this, including the manufacturer of the PT-91, OBRUM and HSW.
Gorilla MBT
This was being developed as a follow-on to the PT-91 but work on this has now stopped. Details were given in Jane's Armour and Artillery 1995-96.
Specifications
Crew: 3
Combat weight: 45,300 kg
Power-to-weight ratio: 18.76 hp/t
Ground pressure: 0.94 kg/cm2
Length:
(overall, with long-range fuel tanks) 9.67 m
(overall, without long-range fuel tanks) 9.53 m
Width:
(overall) 3.59 m
(over tracks) 3.37 m
Height: (turret roof) 2.19 m
Ground clearance: 0.43 m
Track: 2.79 m
Length of track on ground: 4.27 m
Max road speed: 60 km/h
Max range: 650 km
Gradient: 60%
Side slope: 50%
Vertical obstacle: 0.85 m
Trench: 2.8 m
Fording: (with snorkel) 5 m
Electrical system: 27 V
Batteries: 4 Ч 12 V, 180 Ah
Engine: Type S-12U four-stroke, multifuel, supercharged, water-cooled diesel developing 850 hp at 2,300 rpm
Transmission: manual, 7 forward and 1 reverse gears
Armament:
(main) 1 Ч 125 mm smoothbore D81T (2A46) gun
(coaxial) 1 Ч 7.62 mm PKT MG
(anti-aircraft) 1 Ч 12.7 mm NSV MG
Smoke-laying equipment: 2 Ч 12 smoke grenade launchers plus system integral with exhaust
Ammunition:
(main) 42 (22 ready use)
(7.62 mm) 2,000
(12.7 mm) 300
Turret traverse: 360є
Gun elevation/depression: +13є 47'/-6є 13'
Gun stabiliser:
(vertical) yes
(horizontal) yes
Optics:
(commander's day periscopes) 2 Ч TNPO-160
(driver's day periscope) 1 Ч TNPO-168W
(gunner's day periscope) 1 Ч TNP-165A
(commander's image intensification night periscope) POD-72
(driver's image intensification night periscope) PNK-72
NBC system: yes
Night vision equipment: yes
Status
Production complete. In service with the Polish Army.
Manufacturer
Zaklady Mechaniczne Bumar-Labedy SA.
С уважением, Venik